Free resource · Cambridge IGCSE Economics 0455
IGCSE Economics 0455 past paper questions by topic (2022–2025)
Every question from the 56 papers of 2022–2025 — Paper 1 (Multiple Choice), Paper 2 (Structured Questions) — sorted into the 22 chapters of our Economics notes: 1,511 questions. Pick a chapter, then open the official paper and go straight to the question number. Questions on content that is no longer in the current syllabus are left out.
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- The Basic Economic Problem (120)
- Markets, Demand and Supply (50)
- Price Determination and Price Changes (83)
- Price Elasticity of Demand (38)
- Price Elasticity of Supply (26)
- The Market Economic System and Market Failure (73)
- The Mixed Economic System (23)
- Money, Banking and Households (83)
- Workers (97)
- Firms and Production (99)
- Firms' Costs, Revenue and Objectives (53)
- Types of Markets (29)
- Government Intervention and Fiscal Policy (123)
- Monetary Policy and Supply-side Policy (62)
- Economic Growth (56)
- Employment and Unemployment (53)
- Inflation and Deflation (55)
- Living Standards and Poverty (75)
- Population and Economic Development (105)
- Specialisation, Free Trade and Globalisation (107)
- Foreign Exchange Rates (47)
- The Current Account of the Balance of Payments (54)
Chapter 1: The Basic Economic Problem
120 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 78 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Why wants cannot be satisfied | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Factor raising opportunity cost of a job switch | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Cause of a movement on the PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Recession effects on PPC position | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Obstacle to a government spending project | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Term for benefit given up | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q3 | PPC position after a recession | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q2 | What opportunity cost measures | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Position giving the greatest outward PPC shift | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Factors of production changed by expansion | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Encouraging one output on a PPC | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Factor of production limiting a decision | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Labour market change enabling a PPC move | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Identifying what is not a factor of production | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Opportunity cost of a home business choice | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Meaning of a point on the PPC | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Example of land as a factor of production | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Cost incurred by choosing one job over another | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Cause of an outward PPC shift | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Choices in resource allocation questions | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Which goods carry an opportunity cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Factor rewards set before production | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Cost determined when moving along the PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Economic question not arising from scarcity | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Definition of opportunity cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Greatest opportunity cost on a PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Cause of the economic problem | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Factors of production improved by an airline | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Opportunity cost of extra earnings | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Identifying a free good | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Opportunity cost of choosing a product | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Reason for a movement on the PPC | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Why scarcity always exists | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Opportunity cost of an education choice | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Output combination on a PPC | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Description of the economic problem | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q2 | What counts as land | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Opportunity cost of using land for oil | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Key questions determining resource allocation | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q1 | What forces economic agents to choose | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Opportunity cost in government spending switch | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Using more existing resources on a PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Consequence of scarce resources | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Reading a PPC for output and choice | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Opportunity cost of hiring extra staff | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Correct statement about economic and free goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q2 | PPC shift and scarcity | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Meaning of capital | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Situation of insufficient money for two purchases | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Reason for a movement along the PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Classifying a physical asset as a factor | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Cause of scarcity | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Meaning of a point on the PPC | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Factor increasing enterprise in an economy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Part of the definition of scarcity | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Cause of an outward PPC shift | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Economic concept in a spending choice | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Why scarcity persists in rich countries | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Cause of a PPC shift | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Weakness in a definition of opportunity cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Classifying resources into factors of production | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Effect of moving along a PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Classifying resources into factors of production | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Output combinations relative to the PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Classifying resources into factors of production | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Combination of changes shifting the PPC | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Opportunity cost in a small decision | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Recession shown as PPC movement | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Purpose of a PPC | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Example of a free good | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Opportunity cost in a small decision | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Cause of a PPC position change | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Matching factors with their rewards | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Opportunity cost in a small decision | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Cause of a PPC shift | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Factors of production in a small business | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Opportunity cost behind a government spending choice | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Meaning of operating inside the PPC |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 42 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Ways to move beyond the current PPC |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Examples of capital goods |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Likely PPC change after a shock |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Opportunity cost in decisions of different agents |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Rewards to capital and land |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Causes of a fall in enterprise |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Examples of land as a factor |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | What a PPC axes measure |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining the basic economic problem |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Difference between economic and free goods |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Opportunity cost in public spending decisions |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining a factor of production |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (f) | 5 | PPC diagram of technological progress |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Possible locations of a production point |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Examples of labour as a factor |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Decision-makers in economics |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Rewards to factors of production |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Opportunity costs of producing a product group |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Examples of free goods |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 4 | PPC diagram of an economic shock |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Key resource allocation decisions |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Opportunity costs of using leisure time |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining a capital good |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | PPC diagram of a labour force fall |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Examples of capital goods |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (c) | 6 | PPC diagram of a natural disaster |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Production inside versus on the PPC |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Reasons land quantity and quality increase |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Opportunity cost of spending and exporting |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Opportunity costs of investing in technology |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Reasons people become entrepreneurs |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | How scarcity forces consumer choices |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining opportunity cost |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Why the economic problem persists |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Key resource allocation questions |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Why a free good has no opportunity cost |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Opportunity cost in a farmer decision |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Rewards to labour and land |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether enterprise is likely to rise |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining a PPC |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Opportunity cost in government decisions |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a)–(b) | 6 | Economic problem and mobility of land |
Chapter 2: Markets, Demand and Supply
50 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 27 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Determinants of consumer demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Conclusion from a demand curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Unlikely function of prices in a market | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Shape of market demand from two buyers | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Function of the price mechanism | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Cause of a demand shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Supply change from a schedule | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Variable not held constant for demand | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Likely cause of a supply shift | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Cause of an extension in demand | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Demand effect of a loss-leader price cut | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Contraction in demand on a diagram | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Factor that does not shift supply | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Price signals reallocating resources | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q6 | What a supply curve shows | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Substitute price change and demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Cause of a rightward supply shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Reading a movement along a demand curve | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Reading a demand curve movement diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Cause of movement along a supply curve | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Benefit to firms of a higher price | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Name and cause of a supply movement | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Cause of movement along a demand curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Cause of a supply curve shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Shape of market demand from two buyers | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Cause of a rightward demand shift | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Supply curve shift after mechanisation |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 23 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Reasons supply of a product may rise |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Supply conditions and firm prices |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Causes of increased supply |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Factors increasing consumers willingness to buy |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 4 | How a market allocates resources |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Substitutes and complements affecting demand |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Reasons consumers switch suppliers |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining an extension in demand |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Complements and substitutes in demand |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining supply |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Price fall shown on demand curve |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Effect of one product on related products |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Pairs of substitute goods |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Substitute goods |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Education effect on demand for goods |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Causes of a fall in output |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Causes of falling demand |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Individual versus market supply |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Influences on consumer purchases |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining supply |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a percentage share from data |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Conditions of demand |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Causes of a rightward supply shift |
Chapter 3: Price Determination and Price Changes
83 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 47 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Consequence of a price rise in a market | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Distance showing excess supply on a diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Effect of a minimum price from schedules | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Cause of a new market equilibrium | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q5 | New equilibrium after a cost-reducing innovation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Equilibrium price after a supply increase | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Short-term effect of a maximum price | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Price and quantity after both curves shift | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Showing a subsidy on a diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Equilibrium price and quantity from a schedule | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Market outcome if price stays fixed | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Market position from demand and supply schedules | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Cause of a change in equilibrium | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q6 | New equilibrium after demand rise and cost change | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q6 | New equilibrium after a substitute price rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Tax effect on supply shown on a diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Market effect of a crop failure | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Changes moving equilibrium on a diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Explaining price movements across linked markets | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Equilibrium change from schedule data | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Variable change eliminating a shortage | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Cause of a price rise | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Statement describing disequilibrium | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Measure lowering price and quantity | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Tax burden on consumers in a diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Market outcome of demand rise and supply shortage | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Result of both curves shifting in a market | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q10 | What changes prices in a free market | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Statement true of a market in disequilibrium | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Change restoring equilibrium from a surplus | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Possible cause of a price rise | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Type of policy for a maximum price | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Feature of a market in equilibrium | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Link between output and price over time | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Cause of higher price and lower quantity traded | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Linked markets for new and used goods | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Immediate result of a maximum price | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Showing a unit tax on a diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Showing a pay rise without productivity gain | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Diagram showing a shortage | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Market outcome after panic buying and supply loss | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Degree of disequilibrium from a diagram | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Link between output and price from a table | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Market position from demand and supply schedules | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Short-run result of a price and output choice | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Surplus after demand falls with slow supply | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Subsidy effect shown on supply and demand diagrams |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 36 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Diagram of a subsidy in a market |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Why house prices may rise |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of population fall in a market |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining market equilibrium |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of a health report on a market |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of new deposits affecting a market |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of productivity gain in a market |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of falling incomes in a market |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of a maximum price |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Diagram of population growth in a market |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Diagram of a subsidy in a market |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Diagram of a drought effect on a market |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Reason government regulates prices |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Diagram of rising wage costs in a market |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether to set a maximum price |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Diagram of birth rate effect on a market |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining a shortage |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of rising world income in a market |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Possible causes of higher prices |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of a health report on a market |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | How a market reaches equilibrium |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of a minimum price above equilibrium |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of a maximum price below equilibrium |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of a price fall in a substitute |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of a cheaper substitute |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Diagram of a complement price rise |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining a minimum price |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Diagram of changing spending patterns in a market |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether to set a minimum price |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Diagram of an input price rise |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining market disequilibrium |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Diagram of population growth in a market |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Why a market was in disequilibrium |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Diagram of rising awareness of a product's benefits |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Diagram of rising income effect on a market |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Diagram of higher quality effect on a market |
Chapter 4: Price Elasticity of Demand
38 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 26 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Unitary elasticity and revenue when price rises | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Price range with inelastic demand from schedule | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Conclusion from an elasticity value | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Using elasticity to find demand change | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Calculating elasticity of demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Calculating elasticity of demand | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Price change and elasticity raising revenue | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Oil price rise with given elasticity | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Elasticity value giving largest revenue rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Elasticity value with unchanged revenue | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Applying elasticity to a price cut | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Determinant of elasticity of demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Price change and elasticity giving largest quantity rise | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Likely cause of elastic demand | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Comparing demand schedules in two areas | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Elasticity giving higher revenue after a price rise | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Indirect tax on elastic demand and expenditure | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Using elasticity to find a needed price rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Significance of elasticity of demand to firms | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Definition of elasticity of demand | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Identifying perfectly elastic demand | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Correct statement of elasticity of demand | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Conclusion about elasticity from revenue change | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Indirect tax on a good with inelastic demand | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Identifying perfectly elastic demand on a diagram | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Elasticity of a market versus one brand |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 12 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Elasticity and firm pricing decisions |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Influences on elasticity of demand |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether demand for a product is elastic |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Pros and cons of inelastic demand |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating elasticity of demand |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Why elasticity differs between two products |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Elasticity and firm decision making |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Price change effect on revenue |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Determinants of price elasticity of demand |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Determinants of elasticity of demand |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Why elasticity differs between two goods |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Why demand for a service may be elastic |
Chapter 5: Price Elasticity of Supply
26 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 19 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Calculating elasticity of supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Calculating elasticity of supply | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Why long-run supply is more elastic | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Which product has most elastic supply | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Identifying supply curve with inelastic supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Elasticity of supply from a schedule | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Identifying perfectly inelastic supply | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Calculating elasticity of supply | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Applying elasticity of supply to find quantity | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Elasticity of supply and size of quantity fall | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Why prices stay high after supply responds | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Why housing supply stays inelastic | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Elasticity of supply and demand shift effect | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Factor raising elasticity of supply | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Formula for elasticity of supply | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Identifying perfectly inelastic supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Factor influencing elasticity of supply | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Meaning of high elasticity of supply | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Formula for price elasticity of supply |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 7 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Influences on elasticity of supply |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Why supply of a product is inelastic |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Determinants of elasticity of supply |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining elastic supply |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Influences on elasticity of supply |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining inelastic supply |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating elasticity of supply |
Chapter 6: The Market Economic System and Market Failure
73 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 37 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Institutions in a market economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q8 | How decisions are made in a market system | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Net social benefit of a project | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Belief supporting the market system | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Characteristic of a demerit good | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Features of a market economic system | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Negative consequence of factory investment | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Characteristic of a market economic system | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Identifying an external cost of a project | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q5 | What describes a market system | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Subsidy and tax effects on private costs | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q9 | External cost of a large project | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Definition of external benefit | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q8 | What could not occur in a market system | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Definition of a demerit good | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Measure reducing harmful emissions | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Identifying an external cost | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Goods provided by government that markets cannot | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Disadvantage of a market economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Features of a market economy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Why a market misallocates with external benefits | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Type of policy using a subsidy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Example of an external benefit | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Reason for increasing subsidies | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Private versus social cost in a market | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Taxes and subsidies for healthier consumption | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Sector providing public goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q8 | What is not market failure | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Goods a government must finance | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Disadvantage of a market economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Purpose of intervention to address congestion | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Possible consequence of market failure | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Why government provides public goods | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Advantage of a large private sector economy | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Disadvantage of a free market system | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Effect of a tax plus health campaign | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Characteristics of a public good |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 36 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Microeconomic policy measures |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 (c) | 6 | How regulation reduces market failure |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | External benefits of natural resources |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | How an industry causes external costs |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Merit versus public goods with examples |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether to ban a polluting activity |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Reasons for government market intervention |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether poverty persists in a market system |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | External costs of an extraction activity |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether intervention overcomes market system drawbacks |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether more air travel benefits the global economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Private versus external benefit |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether to encourage walking over driving |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | External costs ignored by markets |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether regulating a product benefits an economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 4 | External benefits of a product |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether government should supply free goods |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Reasons to discourage a demerit good |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Consequences of market failure |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether a tax can reduce external costs |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Government measures to lower a price |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Reasons to subsidise production |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether a ban benefits households and firms |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Ways government can reduce market failure |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Merit goods versus public goods |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether a market economy allocates resources well |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | External costs from industries |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Government plans to reduce external costs |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Private versus external benefits |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Ways to raise merit good consumption |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Why markets fail to supply public goods |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Ways to reduce demerit good consumption |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether a market system benefits an economy |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Ways to increase merit good consumption |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Causes of market failure |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Indirect taxes and demerit goods market failure |
Chapter 7: The Mixed Economic System
23 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 9 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Features of a mixed economic system | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Role not performed by government | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Why government provides some goods | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Role of government in a mixed economy | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Benefit of moving away from a mixed economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Likely goal of a state-owned enterprise | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Goods provided by the private sector | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Motive for selling state-owned enterprises | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Policy to shrink the public sector |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 14 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether a mixed system benefits people |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining the public sector |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Resource allocation decisions in a mixed system |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining privatisation |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Reasons an economy is mixed |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Private versus public sector |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Who allocates resources in a mixed system |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether government intervention helps firms |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether privatisation benefits consumers |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Types of economic system |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Private versus public sector pricing |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining privatisation |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether public sector should supply a service |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Private versus public sector investment |
Chapter 8: Money, Banking and Households
83 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 50 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Function of money for valuing goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Savings from a household spending table | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Identifying what is not a central bank role | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Spending pattern showing lowest income | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Why banknotes function as money | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Item that is not a form of money | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Interest rate fall and saving or borrowing | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Interest rate rise and saving or borrowing | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Central bank function for the public | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Identifying what is not a function of money | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Role of a central bank | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Function of a commercial bank | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Conditions making households save more | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Cause of lower household spending | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Function of money as measure of value | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Function of a central bank | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Identifying a commercial bank | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Function of money used for saving | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Non-function of a central bank | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Payment methods and information | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Organisation controlling the banking system | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Meaning of money as measure of value | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Interest rate cut effect on saving and borrowing | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Asset acting as store of value in inflation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Interest rate rise and saving or borrowing | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Factor encouraging saving | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Function of money affected by inflation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Meaning of money as measure of value | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Characteristic versus function of money | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Central bank as lender of last resort | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Function of commercial banks | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Conclusion from household spending data | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Organisations that fund firm growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Advantage of coins as money | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q11 | True statement about income groups and borrowing | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Organisations that fund firm growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Advantage of coins as money | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q11 | True statement about income groups and borrowing | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Interest rate cut effect on saving and borrowing | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Organisations that fund firm growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Advantage of coins as money | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q11 | True statement about income groups and borrowing | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Ranking people by spending pattern | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Activities of central and commercial banks | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Ranking people by spending pattern | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Activities of central and commercial banks | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Expectation prompting more saving | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Ranking people by spending pattern | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Activities of central and commercial banks | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Interest rate change and household saving and spending |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 33 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Why central banks matter |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether a high savings rate benefits an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Differences between central and commercial banks |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Characteristics letting coins act as money |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Services banks provide to households |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Why a foreign bank opens a branch |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Influences on household spending |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Importance of commercial banks to governments |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Reasons for rising household spending |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Why commercial banks lend more |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Influences on the share of income saved |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining a central bank |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Ways a bank attracts customers |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Functions of money |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Consumer benefits of more commercial banks |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Characteristics of money |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Functions of money |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Functions of a central bank |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Characteristics of money |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Functions of money |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Why wealthy households spend more |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Influences on choice of bank |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Benefits of more bank lending |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Roles of commercial banks for firms |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Low confidence effects on spending and borrowing |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Ways a bank could raise demand |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether more bank lending raises growth |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Forms of money |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Central bank functions for government |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Household spending pattern when GDP falls |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Role of a central monetary authority |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Why household income affects borrowing |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether government should encourage saving |
Chapter 9: Workers
97 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 51 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Least likely cause of rising teacher pay | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Feature of every trade union | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Occupations with the lowest wages | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Ways a union raises bargaining power | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Least likely to raise geographical mobility | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Likely reason one worker earns less | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q12 | What strengthens a trade union | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Factor raising occupational mobility | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Backward-bending labour supply curve | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Function of a trade union | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q27 | What increases specialisation in an economy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Cause of occupational immobility | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Greatest wage discrimination from data | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Non-wage influence on occupation choice | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Factors widening wage differences between sectors | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Backward-bending labour supply curve | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Who belongs to trade unions | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Productivity gain from specialisation | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Policy raising geographic mobility of labour | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Minimum wage and job losses circumstances | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Labour market effect of falling demand for labour | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Likely cause of higher average earnings | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Most effective way to raise labour supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Why pay allowances are given in cities | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q14 | How unions help workers win pay rises | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Pay difference that is discrimination | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Union wage bargain in a labour market | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Advantage of a minimum wage to workers | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q10 | National minimum wage in two labour markets | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Labour market effect of higher productivity | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Outcomes of mechanised division of labour | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Definition of a trade union | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Labour market effect of higher productivity | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q13 | What a trade union protects | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Result of extending specialisation in manufacturing | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Reasons for earnings differences in a job | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Factor weakening union bargaining strength | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Union activity beneficial for firms | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Factor raising geographical mobility of labour | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Factor raising union bargaining power | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Leisure and earnings choice in occupation | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Labour supply curve with preference for leisure | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Effect of more work permits on labour | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Benefits of trade union membership | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Incomes and cost of living in job choice | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Incomes and cost of living in job choice | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Problem caused by increased specialisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Incomes and cost of living in job choice | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Regional job mismatch and labour mobility | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Factor deterring a career choice | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Labour supply shift with a legal minimum wage |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 46 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Non-wage factors in job choice |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Influences on labour mobility |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Reasons workers prefer formal employment |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether labour mobility will increase |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether firms benefit from worker training |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether division of labour benefits workers |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Ways to attract skilled workers from abroad |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether wages in an industry will rise |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether a higher minimum wage harms an economy |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Advantages of greater labour mobility |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | How division of labour benefits firms |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether working abroad benefits a professional |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Advantages of employing older workers |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Why workers may not switch occupation |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Factor influencing international labour mobility |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (c) | 6 | How market forces raise wages |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining labour mobility |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Why pay differs between two jobs |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether union membership benefits an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Why some workers earn low pay |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Influences on labour mobility |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Why women may be paid less |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | How less education reduces lifetime earnings |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Minimum wage effect on unemployment |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating an average wage |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Benefits of good education to individuals |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Why low-skilled workers may earn high pay |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether trade unions benefit workers |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Why shorter hours may not change sector |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Reasons labour mobility may increase |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Reasons for a legal minimum wage |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Why some workers earn high pay |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Why some workers earn more |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Reasons for choosing an occupation |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Why workers may not join a union |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Influences on labour mobility |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Why wages of a profession rise |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether a worker gains from specialisation |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether higher wages raise employment |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Why educated workers stay in work longer |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Why workers join a trade union |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether sector affects pay levels |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (c) | 6 | How specialisation helps firms |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Income and mobility of labour |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Why someone prefers one sector for work |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Why trade union membership falls |
Chapter 10: Firms and Production
99 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 48 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q14 | What must occur with economies of scale | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Type of merger with a supplier | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Economies of scale explaining competitiveness | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Highest labour productivity from table | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Type of economy of scale from infrastructure | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Least likely effect of capital-intensive production | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Why average cost falls after a merger | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Factor raising worker productivity | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Identifying diseconomies of scale on ATC | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Factor raising the demand for labour | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Condition encouraging internal growth | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Interpreting employment by sector table | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Type of growth by borrowing to expand | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Meaning of internal diseconomies of scale | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Effect of switching to capital-intensive methods | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Naming a type of merger | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Cause of a shift in long-run average cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q14 | What encourages capital-intensive production | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Productivity change after mechanisation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Type of merger by takeover | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Advantages of small firms | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Disadvantage of operating a small firm | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Economies of scale on the ATC curve | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Advantage of skilled hand production | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Identifying a forward vertical merger | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Type of service supplied by small firms | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Advantage of taking over an unrelated firm | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Cause of low farm employment despite high output | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Conditions attracting small firms into a market | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Identifying returns to scale from input table | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Cause of internal diseconomies of scale | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Reason firms do not grow larger | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Identifying horizontal integration | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Why similar firms locate together | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Effect of expanding to gain economies of scale | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Greatest labour productivity from table | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Why government may block a merger | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Comparing small and large firms | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Reason to stay labour-intensive | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Reason for taking over a rival | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Cause of rising demand for a factor | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Benefit from improved transport links | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Effect of higher capital productivity | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Classifying a small tertiary firm | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Capital-intensive versus labour-intensive economies | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Meaning of labour-intensive production for an economy | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Classifying a firm by sector and ownership | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Identifying a type of merger |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 51 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a sector contribution to GDP |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether a bank merger benefits consumers and workers |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Examples of primary sector industries |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Influences on productivity |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Internal economies of scale for a firm |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether firm growth lowers average cost |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Advantages of merging |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Examples of primary sector exports |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Types of merger |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | How small firms compete with large firms |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 4 | How innovation benefits firms |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a sector share of employment |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Advantages of mergers between firms |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Reasons for labour-intensive production |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether small firms benefit consumers |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining the tertiary sector |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Why government may block a merger |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | How firm closures harm consumers |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether new capital equipment benefits consumers |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Influences on demand for factors |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining the secondary sector |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Ways to classify firms |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Benefits of a horizontal merger |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Why a merged firm may fail |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Economies of scale for a larger organisation |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining external growth of firms |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Tertiary sector industries |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether firms will continue to grow |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Advantages of a large firm |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Examples of primary sector products |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether labour-intensive production harms an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Influences on a producer demand for labour |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 2 | An economy of scale for a producer |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether government should encourage mergers |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Why a merger may raise prices |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether small firms fail more often |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Challenges facing small firms |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Advantages of capital-intensive production |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Causes of higher labour productivity |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating sector output from data |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Advantages of setting up a firm |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Reasons small firms exist |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Types of merger |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether a merger helps a firm survive |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Why a merger is horizontal |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Benefits of labour-intensive production |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Advantages of a horizontal merger |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether capital-intensive production benefits consumers |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Capital and education raising productivity |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Internal economies of scale |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining diseconomies of scale |
Chapter 11: Firms' Costs, Revenue and Objectives
53 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 36 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Total variable cost from a diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Total revenue change from average revenue | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Average total cost calculation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Most profitable output from revenue and cost | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Average cost curves statement | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Definition of fixed costs | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Highest average cost from cost data | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q15 | What can be concluded from price and sales | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Average total cost from cost table | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Variable cost read from a cost diagram | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Total revenue from average revenue schedule | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Example of a fixed cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Definition of profit maximisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Total revenue and price from average revenue | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Calculating total revenue | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Average total cost across output range | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Average fixed cost calculation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Identifying a variable cost | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Conclusion from average revenue table | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Calculation of average cost | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Average total cost calculation | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Average and total revenue after price change | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Requirements for a small business to survive | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Average cost calculation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Average cost with an added unit | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Fixed cost from a cost table | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Average variable cost from a total cost curve | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Identifying what is not a variable cost | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Definition of revenue | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Cost behaviour as output rises from a table | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Total and average revenue calculation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Variable cost on a cost diagram | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Variable cost on a cost diagram | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Firm objective behind keeping loss-making branches | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Variable cost on a cost diagram | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Average and fixed cost from a cost table |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 17 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining average total cost |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Input choice and firm profits |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining total cost |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating average cost |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Reasons a firm revenue rises |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Ways a firm can raise profit |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 2 | How average revenue is calculated |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether production costs will fall |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining a fixed cost |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (c) | 6 | How technology affects profits |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Objectives of private sector firms |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Effect on profits of lost revenue |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Types of cost to a firm |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Social welfare objectives of firms |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether firm profits are likely to rise |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether a firm gains from higher output |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Fixed cost curves as output rises with diagram |
Chapter 12: Types of Markets
29 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 17 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Market features with many small firms | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q16 | What makes monopoly more likely | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Effects of a market becoming monopoly | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Monopoly effect on output and price | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Advantage of monopoly to consumers | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Effect of rivals leaving on prices and profits | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Effects of a competitive market becoming monopoly | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Features of competition versus monopoly | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Monopoly feature allowing higher profit | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Characteristics of a sole supplier | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Industry type giving large lasting profit | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Market effect of small suppliers closing | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Reason governments allow monopoly | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Characteristics of a monopoly | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Essential features of competitive and monopoly markets | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Cause of high monopoly profit | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Outcome of a competitive market |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 12 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether more firms benefit an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether more small firms benefit consumers |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether consumers gain from a single producer |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether competitive markets benefit consumers |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Effects of increased competition |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Consumer benefits of competitive markets |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Characteristics of monopoly |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether fewer firms benefit consumers |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether competition harms a firm |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Why a large firm may charge high prices |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether consumers gain from competition |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Consumer effects of a firm becoming a monopoly |
Chapter 13: Government Intervention and Fiscal Policy
123 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 74 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Macroeconomic aims of government | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Short-run effect of cutting spending | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Examples of macroeconomics and microeconomics | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Indirect tax revenue from a list | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Classifying fiscal policy measures | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Identifying government aims | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Item not in a government budget | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Example of a macroeconomic aim | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Principle of taxation | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Identifying macroeconomic decisions | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Naming a tax from its diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Consequence of a rising budget deficit | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Disadvantage of high income tax rates | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Reason for taxing a product | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Distinguishing micro from macro examples | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Definition of a government budget | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Classifying a policy mix as fiscal policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Who makes a microeconomic decision | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Reading a forecast government budget | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Policy mix for rising unemployment and falling output | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Explaining changes in a government budget | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Policy stance to prevent deflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Identifying a macroeconomic aim | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Classifying a tax system from data | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Aim increasing a budget surplus | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Income tax rate changes from a table | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Topic that is not macroeconomic | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Policy mix to prevent deflation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Topic included in microeconomics | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Why cutting unemployment may raise inflation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Reading government spending areas | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Effect of lower direct taxes | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Fiscal response to deflation and unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Branch of economics covering two concepts | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Effect of a forecast budget deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q18 | What redistribution of income illustrates | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Example of macroeconomic policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Fiscal change reducing cyclical unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Reason for raising direct taxes | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Change to income tax system with allowance | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Link between two economic indicators | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Identifying a macroeconomic activity | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Example of a macroeconomic aim | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Tax type and elasticity with tax passed on | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Example of a macroeconomic indicator | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Aim of raising indirect taxes | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Decision that is not microeconomic | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Action to stimulate recovery | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Policies to end a recession | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Direct taxation share from a tax table | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Regional redistribution through government spending | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Identifying microeconomic changes | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Item included in a budget calculation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Regional redistribution through government spending | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Items included in a government budget | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Classifying an income tax schedule | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Regional redistribution through government spending | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Target for a budget deficit stimulus | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Example of a fiscal policy measure | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Policy side effects on other macroeconomic aims | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Identifying a fiscal policy measure | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Link between two economic indicators | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Topics outside microeconomics | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Relationship studied in macroeconomics | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Reading a government spending chart | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Fiscal measure for deficit and poverty | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Link between two economic indicators | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Topic studied in macroeconomics | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Identifying what is not a macroeconomic aim | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Conflict between full employment and stable prices | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Link between two economic indicators | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Conflicts between macroeconomic aims | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Tax measures that reduce income inequality | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Expansionary fiscal policy measures |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 49 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Fiscal policy measures |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether low taxes benefit an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether to tax two goods at different rates |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Government construction spending and unemployment |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Conflicting macroeconomic aims |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Corporate tax cut and economic growth |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether lower spending reduces inflation |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a budget deficit |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Direct tax rise and unemployment |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (c) | 6 | How infrastructure helps macroeconomic aims |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether more government spending benefits an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether fiscal policy reduces poverty |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether to increase spending on a cleaner industry |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Conflict between growth and payments stability |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether to tax a product |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether fiscal policy can achieve full employment |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Qualities of a good tax |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether to continue subsidising production |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Micro versus macro economics |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Why tax revenue falls in a recession |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether public housing spending benefits an economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Output and environmental spending relationship |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether to raise public healthcare spending |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Government spending and GDP link |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Reasons tax revenue changes |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Fiscal policy and employment |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Types of tax |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Ways to redistribute income |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a deficit as a share of GDP |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether lower spending raises unemployment |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether a budget deficit is likely |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Causes of rising tax revenue |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Government spending and life expectancy |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether low tax rates benefit an economy |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining the government budget |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Government spending and unemployment link |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Export subsidy and macroeconomic aims |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether to cut state pension payments |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether infrastructure spending benefits an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Unemployment and the government budget |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Proportional versus progressive income tax |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining indirect tax with example |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Higher retirement age and the government budget |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Income tax rise and inflation |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Why a budget raises total demand |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Income tax cuts and living standards |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Why government may prioritise low unemployment |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Industry growth and macroeconomic aims |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Income tax cut and ending a recession |
Chapter 14: Monetary Policy and Supply-side Policy
62 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 43 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Identifying what is not monetary policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Identifying what is not supply-side policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Result of a fall in interest rates | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q21 | What successful supply-side policy increases | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Policy mix raising total demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Supply-side measure raising labour productivity | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Variables changed by monetary policy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Supply-side measure for full employment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Aim of cutting interest rates in a recession | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Identifying a supply-side policy | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Result of raising the interest rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Result of a successful supply-side policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Definition of money supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Policy giving growth with price stability | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Example of monetary policy | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Interest rate cut and other aims | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Definition of supply-side policy | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q20 | True statement about supply-side policy | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Effects of monetary measures on aims | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Monetary measure to reduce inflation | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Identifying supply-side measures | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Consequence of cutting interest rates | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Objective of supply-side policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Effect of rising interest rates | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Identifying what is not supply-side | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Group disadvantaged by lower interest rates | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Identifying a supply-side measure | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Monetary measures to raise employment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Education spending and inflation over time | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Effect of workplace training spending | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Effect of successful supply-side policy | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Outcome of expansionary monetary policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Example of monetary policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Effect of raising the interest rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Non-consequence of lower interest rates | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Supply-side measure failing to meet an aim | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Why higher interest rates lower inflation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Action that does not improve human resources | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Action for expansionary monetary policy | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Identifying a supply-side policy | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Classifying an interest rate policy | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Education spending and inflation over time | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Interest rate change and investment |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 19 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether higher interest rates harm an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Central bank measures for price stability |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Monetary versus supply-side policy |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether to pay firms to train the unemployed |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether deregulation raises living standards |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether more money supply benefits an economy |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Supply-side measures and the budget deficit |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether better education helps macroeconomic aims |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether a central bank should raise rates |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether cutting interest rates lowers inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Monetary policy measures |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Supply-side measures and unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Interest rate cut and conflicting aims |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining regulation |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether lower interest rates raise GDP |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Supply-side policy and unemployment |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Government investment in education and training |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining monetary policy |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether supply-side measures always promote growth |
Chapter 15: Economic Growth
56 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 26 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Consequence of growth outpacing population | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q22 | How economic growth is measured | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Macroeconomic impact of a shutdown | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Policy decision likely to cause growth | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Possible cause of falling real GDP | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Employer action reducing long-term growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q17 | What makes real GDP rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Definition of economic growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Consequences of economic growth | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Difficulty measuring growth with subsistence farming | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Cause of faster short-run growth | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Real growth from nominal data and inflation | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Likely effects of economic growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Indicator best describing growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Likely consequence of economic growth | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Interpreting real GDP data | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Identifying a recession from quarterly output | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Best way to raise national output | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Conclusion from a growth rate diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Why paid services raise GDP | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Policy most likely to promote growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q20 | How GDP is measured | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Likely cause of economic growth | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Identifying economic growth | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Possible cause of a recession | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Identifying the likely cause of economic growth |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 30 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Causes of rising GDP |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Effects of growth on a population |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether to develop a new industry |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (c) | 6 | How consumer spending raises growth |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating output as a share of GDP |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether a bigger industry benefits a country |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Why tourism supports economic growth |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Investment share and growth rates |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Why good transport raises GDP |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Reasons the PPC shifted inward |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether new infrastructure benefits an economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Disadvantages of a recession |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a regional share of output |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether moving the capital benefits growth |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether investment benefits an economy |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether remote working benefits an economy |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether a resource discovery benefits an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether resource extraction benefits a country |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether a larger industry benefits the economy |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | How economic growth is measured |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Causes of a recession |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Causes of growth in factors of production |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether growth benefits all groups |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether slower growth harms an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether technology benefits a population |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Reasons for a recession |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 4 | How road building raises growth |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether the PPC is likely to shift outward |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether to aim for high growth |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating GDP from data |
Chapter 16: Employment and Unemployment
53 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 26 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Definitions of unemployment and employment | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Advantage and disadvantage of falling unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Requirements for survey-based unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Effect of falling employment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Unemployment from labour force survey table | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Type of unemployment for a school leaver | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Unemployment rise and public finances | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Why claimant count understates unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Reading labour market indicators | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Cause of cyclical unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q22 | What the labour force survey measures | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Conditions to be classed as unemployed | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Least serious type of unemployment | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Who counts as unemployed | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Meaning of full employment | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Main cause of unemployment in rich economies | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Cause of rising structural unemployment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Consequence of falling unemployment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Interpreting unemployment and income graphs | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Policy to reduce structural unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Type of unemployment from automation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Definition of unemployment rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Growth and inflation with rising unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Consequence of rising unemployment | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Who is counted in the unemployment rate | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Rising unemployment effect on deficit and inflation |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 27 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Benefits of full employment |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Disadvantages of job loss for workers |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Types of unemployment |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | How construction can reduce unemployment |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Costs of unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Ways of measuring unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Main type of unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether job losers stay unemployed long |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether to penalise unemployed people |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 2 | A way unemployment is measured |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Ways to reduce frictional unemployment |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining the unemployment rate |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether lower unemployment causes inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Types of unemployment |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating an unemployment rate |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Why long-term unemployed struggle to find work |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Investment and unemployment |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether government should prevent rising unemployment |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Job losses from structural change |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether lower unemployment benefits an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining full employment |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether lower unemployment always benefits workers |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Productivity and unemployment |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating number of unemployed from data |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Unemployment policies and the inflation rate |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining a type of unemployment |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Consequences of unemployment |
Chapter 17: Inflation and Deflation
55 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 37 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Definition of deflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Identifying deflation on a graph | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Effect of a falling price index | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Price change effect on index level | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Effect of rising demand at full employment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Demand and supply changes raising inflation | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Reason for aiming at price stability | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Likely cause of deflation | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Interpreting price index weights | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Aim of a central bank price target | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Real income change from earnings and prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Conclusion from price index weights | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Effect of rising inflation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Item excluded from the price index | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Inflation rate from index numbers | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Interpreting changing price index weights | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Group benefiting from rapid inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Meaning of a very high inflation rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Who benefits during inflation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Who gains during rapid inflation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Who gains during inflation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Effects of consumer-led growth on prices and jobs | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Term for a sustained fall in prices | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Definition of deflation | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Reading inflation against a target | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Variable change raising inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Real income change from earnings and prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Likely cause of inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Real income change from earnings and prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Meaning of falling real income | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Variable cut to reduce inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Why deflation is undesirable | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Real income change from earnings and prices | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Requirements for a consumer prices index | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Policy mix to reduce inflation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Who gains when inflation exceeds interest rates | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Interpreting an inflation rate graph |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 18 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether deflation is a problem |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether deflation has been harmful |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | How household spending can cause inflation |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether inflation harms firms |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (c) | 6 | How tourism can raise inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Type of inflation experienced |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Why governments aim for stable prices |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Wage change and inflation relationship |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether high inflation means low growth |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Low inflation and economic growth |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether deflation benefits an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Defining the price index |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Why inflation may differ between countries |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Reasons for a fall in inflation |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether a central bank should target low inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining inflation |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether inflation harms producers |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether inflation is always harmful |
Chapter 18: Living Standards and Poverty
75 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 34 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Likely cause of more poverty | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Policy mix to reduce income inequality | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Not explaining a change in HDI | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Why GDP weakly measures living standards | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Why education alleviates poverty | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Explaining a gap in HDI values | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Cause of relative poverty in rich countries | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Income distribution shares across countries | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Likely cause of falling relative poverty | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Divisor used for income per head | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Progressive tax and spending effects | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Lowest living standard from data | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q24 | What the HDI indicates | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Best description of relative poverty | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Interpreting income distribution shares | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Likely cause of rising poverty | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Components of the Human Development Index | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Interpreting real income per head change | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Measure outside the HDI calculation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Comparing HDI and real GDP | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Recession effect on absolute and relative poverty | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Change not showing poverty progress | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Cause of rising relative poverty | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Highest real GDP per head from data | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Not explaining a change in HDI | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Components of the Human Development Index | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Best way to reduce absolute poverty | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Government actions raising living standards of poor | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Components of the Human Development Index | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Why living standards fall in a recession | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Components of the Human Development Index | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Components of the Human Development Index | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Components of the Human Development Index | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Interpreting statements about poverty |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 41 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 4 | How unemployment leads to poverty |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Global income per head and air travel |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether faster growth raises the development index |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a share with basic services |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Causes of poverty |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Reasons income becomes more unequal |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Investment and a rise in the development index |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Health spending and life expectancy |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | How remittances raise family living standards |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating the number in poverty |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether growth improves living standards |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Income per head and spending on food |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Influences on living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Service sector growth and living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Life expectancy and the development index |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether high GDP means higher living standards |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Policies that may reduce poverty |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Real income per head as living standards measure |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 4 | How climate change lowers the development index |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Measures of living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 4 | How education can reduce poverty |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a share lacking basic services |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Poverty share and life expectancy |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether urban living standards are higher |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Reasons for absolute poverty |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Unemployment benefits and poverty |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating the number in poverty |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Resource discovery and living standards |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating income per head |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Why low-income producers have low living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Indicators of improving healthcare |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Spending cuts and poverty |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Income per head and car ownership |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether lower unemployment reduces poverty |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Indicators of living standards |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Absolute versus relative poverty |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Indicators shared by two development measures |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Causes of better healthcare |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining income per head |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Relationship between income per head and life expectancy |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Minimum wage law and poverty reduction |
Chapter 19: Population and Economic Development
105 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 41 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Pattern of employment changes by industry | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Reading population structure charts | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Migration and birth rates and age groups | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Combination giving the highest population growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Characteristics of a less developed economy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Statistics giving natural population growth | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Economic impact of an ageing population | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q26 | What raises a population | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Reading population pyramids | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Factor growing with a larger working-age population | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Reading population statistics for countries | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Characteristics of a high-income economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Comparing population pyramids | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Identifying the most developed country | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Cause of population pyramid shape | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Identifying the most developed country | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Change in employment pattern with development | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Explaining differences in development | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Factor raising population growth rate | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Population statistics for three countries | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Likely cause of fast population growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Situation producing an ageing population | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Consequence of an ageing population | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Conclusion about subsistence farming economies | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Combination raising a population | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Consequence of a larger elderly share | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Cause of a growing and ageing population | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Change unlikely during development | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Reason for decline of manufacturing | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Explaining fast population growth | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Features of developing versus developed countries | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Effect of a falling birth rate | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Likely changes as a country develops | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Population change calculation from rates | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Features of a high-income economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Conclusion from agriculture share table | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Effect of net immigration | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Cause of a fall in the labour force | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Cause of a fall in the labour force | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Cause of a fall in the labour force | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Features of low-income versus high-income countries |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 64 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether education spending leads to development |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a workforce share |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Reasons for a high average age |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Why young people emigrate |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Ways to attract foreign workers |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Income per head and school completion |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Influences on population pyramid shape |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Causes of rising life expectancy |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Literacy and farm employment relationship |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining a population pyramid |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Reasons for high population growth |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Healthcare and differences in development |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Reasons for population decline |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Why immigration may increase |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether more women enter the labour force |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Ageing population and the growth rate |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a population share |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether certain industries drive development |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Ageing population and spending and saving |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Birth rate and average age |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Causes of international migration |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Causes of differences in development |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether migrant workers benefit an economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Farm employment share and income per head |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Firm benefits from a bigger population |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Advantages of citizens working abroad |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether internal migration benefits an economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Why workers migrate |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Consequences of a young population |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Effect of an older population on an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a group size from data |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Education level and income per head |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Benefits of manufacturing over primary production |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Benefits of a smaller population |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Changes in the pattern of employment |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Causes of rising economic development |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Advantages of a young population |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether growth reduces emigration |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Reasons death rates differ |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Causes of a larger labour force |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Influences on where people choose to work |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Income per head and internet access |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether a bigger population is beneficial |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Share of world output versus emissions |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Causes of income differences between countries |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining emigration |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Policies to attract workers home |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether students studying abroad benefit an economy |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether a large population is beneficial |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Population growth and economic growth |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Meaning of shift in sector structure |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Causes of a fall in the labour force |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Schooling years and birth rates |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether emigration benefits a country |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Reasons living standards differ between countries |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating births from population data |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Income per head and net migration |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether a very low birth rate matters |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Social attitudes and female labour participation |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Income per head and female labour participation |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether a large primary sector is a disadvantage |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Reasons for higher level of development |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Reasons for rising immigration |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Why more women join the labour force |
Chapter 20: Specialisation, Free Trade and Globalisation
107 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 56 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Effect of rival supply on a specialising economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Consumer advantage of international specialisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Policy encouraging more trade | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Unlikely reason for imposing tariffs | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Advantage of international specialisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Result of raising tariffs | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Benefit of national specialisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Unlikely benefit of free trade | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Meaning of dumping | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Activity offering little benefit from multinationals | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Benefit of specialising in mining | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Tariff effect with inelastic demand | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Weak reason against specialising in a resource | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Conditions making a tariff effective | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Consumer benefits of national specialisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Cost to a host country of multinationals | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q27 | What encourages international specialisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Best protection against dumping | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q27 | What encourages international specialisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Measure limiting import quantity | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Advantage of national specialisation to a firm | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Intended outcome of protecting new industries | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Equilibrium after a tariff on imports | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q27 | What promotes international specialisation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Effects of a tariff on price and quantity | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Conditions favouring specialisation and trade | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Likely effect of a tariff | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Effect of a tariff on imports | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Benefit of multinationals to home country | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Reason to slow extraction of an export resource | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Aim of a tariff against dumping | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q27 | What encourages international specialisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Intended benefit of free trade agreements | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q27 | What may reduce trade in a product | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Likely outcome of an import quota | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Trade protection against dumping | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Factor encouraging more international trade | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Term for an import ban | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Meaning of a quota | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Benefits of free trade | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Cause of factory closure in poor country | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Term for an import quantity restriction | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Factors attracting multinationals to a poor country | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Group least helped by an import tariff | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Cost to home country of multinational expansion | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Who gains from a tariff | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Result of removing an import quota | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Benefit and cost of foreign multinationals | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Result of removing an import quota | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Benefit and cost of foreign multinationals | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Government actions in an international role | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Conditions favouring specialisation and trade | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Result of removing an import quota | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Benefit and cost of foreign multinationals | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Consumer benefit of removing tariffs | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Effects of multinational investment on a country |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 51 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Disadvantage of overdependence on foreign markets |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Motives for dumping |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Subsidy protecting a new industry |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining a multinational company |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Why a firm charges different prices abroad |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Why reduce reliance on one export |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Benefits of multinationals to home country |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Disadvantages of import tariffs |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether a government should seek more imports |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining international trade |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether multinationals benefit host countries |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Benefits of exporting and importing |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether multinationals reduce poverty |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Features of globalisation |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether free trade raises growth |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Methods of protection |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether high tariffs reduce unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether free trade raises growth |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether to devote more resources to one product |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether a multinational stays long term |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Why government protects domestic industries |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether to rely on imported food |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Benefits of knowledge-based exports |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether free trade benefits a city |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Why a country changes its specialisation |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | An advantage of specialising |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Moving towards free trade |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether higher exports benefit an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (d) | 8 | Whether import tariffs raise output |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Whether producers are likely net exporters |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Reasons for imposing tariffs |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Exports and macroeconomic aims |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | How import tariffs may help an economy |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Benefits of multinationals to host countries |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 4 | Reasons tourists visit a country |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Trade share and income per head |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether outward investment benefits a firm |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Corporate tax differences and multinationals |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Methods of protection |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 4 | Reasons to reduce imports |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Benefits of multinationals to home countries |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Reasons for imposing tariffs |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining dumping |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | How multinationals could reduce poverty |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether national specialisation is harmful |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining free trade |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Why few multinationals locate in a region |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 4 | Methods of trade protection |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether protection benefits an economy |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Reasons a multinational operates abroad |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Why a new industry may need protection |
Chapter 21: Foreign Exchange Rates
47 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 29 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Currency market effect of resource discovery | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Trade changes causing currency depreciation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Changes raising a currency price | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Central bank setting an exchange rate | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Exchange rate change and a foreign price | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Comparing prices across currencies | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Currency fall consequence for an economy | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Central bank action to support a currency | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Cause of an exchange rate shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Exchange rate set by demand and supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Cause of an exchange rate change | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Cause of currency demand shift | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Cause of change in demand for a currency | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Effect of a currency value fall | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Cause of currency demand shift | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Foreign exchange market diagram shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Oil price fall and the dollar | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q18 | How devaluation could cut unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Factor causing a currency to fall | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Who gains from a stronger currency | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Exchange rate change and a foreign price | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Cause of higher demand for a currency | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Measure leading to more exports | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Effects of currency depreciation | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Advantage of a floating exchange rate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Definition of exchange rate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Term for fall in a fixed rate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Effects of a currency value fall | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Exchange rate action to raise exports |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 18 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Global growth and currency value |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether government should defend its currency |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether a floating exchange rate benefits an economy |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether a falling currency harms an economy |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Causes of rising demand for foreign currency |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether a fixed exchange rate is beneficial |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 2 | Defining the foreign exchange market |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Possible causes of a falling currency |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (h) | 6 | Whether a stronger currency benefits an economy |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Currency rise and lower inflation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether a stronger currency benefits an economy |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Causes of a stronger floating currency |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (d) | 8 | Whether a fixed exchange rate benefits a country |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a currency conversion |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Currency fall and inflation |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 2 | Defining the exchange rate |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Reasons a currency may depreciate |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (c) | 6 | Currency fall and current account deficit |
Chapter 22: The Current Account of the Balance of Payments
54 past-paper questions
Free chapter preview →
Paper 1 (Multiple Choice): 29 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Result of a large current account surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Policy to reduce a current account deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Policy to reduce a current account deficit | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Reading current account items from table | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Consequence of a current account surplus | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Current account balance from data | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Policy to reduce a current account surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Cause of a larger current account surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Change in trade in goods from a chart | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Current account balance from listed items | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Policy to reduce a current account deficit | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Reading current account components | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Change in trade balance from a chart | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Content of primary income | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Where remittances appear in the current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q30 | What secondary income measures | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Policy to reduce a current account deficit | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Balance of trade from export and import data | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Policy to improve a persistent deficit | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Formula for the current account | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Balance of current account from components | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Balance of payments calculation from data | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Recording a service transaction in payments | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Balance of payments calculation from data | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Recording a service transaction in payments | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Balance of payments calculation from data | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Recording a service transaction in payments | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Cause of a move from surplus to deficit | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Classifying a dividend in the current account |
Paper 2 (Structured Questions): 25 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Reasons for a current account surplus |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether tax cuts reduce a trade deficit |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining primary income |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (d) | 8 | Whether import quotas reduce a trade deficit |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Tourism and the current account |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a current account deficit |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Difference between an export and an import |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 4 | Commodity price and the current account |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Components of the current account |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Why a country may demand more imports |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a current account balance |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 2 | Defining a trade deficit in goods |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether a current account surplus is beneficial |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (c) | 6 | Reasons exports may fall |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Gains from a trading partner growing |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Trade balance and current account link |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (c) | 6 | Productivity gain and current account surplus |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (d) | 8 | Whether fast growth leads to a deficit |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 1 | Calculating a trade value from data |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (c) | 6 | Technology and the current account balance |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (g) | 6 | Whether a farm subsidy reduces a trade deficit |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 2 | Components of the current account |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (f) | 5 | Inflation rates and current account balances |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 4 | Why exports may exceed imports |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 4 | Current account surplus despite goods deficit |
Revise the chapter before you practise. Our IGCSE Economics 0455 notes cover every syllabus statement with worked examples, common mistakes from examiner reports, 20 MCQs per chapter and original exam-style questions with full mark schemes.
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