Free resource · Cambridge AS & A Level Economics 9708
AS & A Level Economics 9708 past paper questions by topic (2022–2025)
Every question from the 111 papers of 2022–2025 — Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice), Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay), Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice), Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay) — sorted into the 25 chapters of our Economics notes: 2,113 questions. Pick a chapter, then open the official paper and go straight to the question number. Questions on content that is no longer in the current syllabus are left out.
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- Scarcity, Choice, Methodology and Factors of Production (58)
- Economic Systems, Production Possibility Curves and Classification of Goods (116)
- Demand and Supply Curves (79)
- Price, Income and Cross Elasticity of Demand and Price Elasticity of Supply (111)
- Market Equilibrium and Consumer and Producer Surplus (48)
- Government Microeconomic Intervention (127)
- National Income Statistics and the Circular Flow of Income (51)
- Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply (62)
- Economic Growth, Unemployment and Price Stability (98)
- Macroeconomic Objectives and Fiscal Policy (58)
- Monetary Policy and Supply-side Policy (69)
- International Trade and Protectionism (73)
- Balance of Payments, Exchange Rates and Current Account Policies (139)
- Utility, Indifference Curves and Budget Lines (66)
- Efficiency, Market Failure and Externalities (83)
- Costs, Revenue, Profit and Production (46)
- Market Structures (96)
- Growth, Survival and Objectives of Firms (52)
- Government Policies for Efficiency, Equity and Redistribution (139)
- Labour Markets and Government Intervention (81)
- The Circular Flow, the Multiplier and Economic Growth and Sustainability (80)
- Employment, Unemployment, Money and Banking (91)
- Macroeconomic Policy: Objectives, Links and Effectiveness (118)
- Balance of Payments Policies and Exchange Rates (49)
- Economic Development and Globalisation (123)
Chapter 1: Scarcity, Choice, Methodology and Factors of Production
58 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 53 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Example of normative statement | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Example of normative statement | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Opportunity cost of study choice | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Statement type about debt cancellation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Meaning of division of labour | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Identifying a normative statement | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Definition of positive statement | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Opportunity cost of a policy package | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Opportunity cost of changing output | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Benefit of specialisation to a firm | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Conditions for effective division of labour | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Identifying normative statement | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Specialisation and falling output per worker | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Raising capital for expansion | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Identifying a positive statement | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Rewards to factors of production | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Advantage of division of labour | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Opportunity cost including time | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Capital and scale changes in an industry | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Item not classed as land | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Scarcity applied to a resource | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Identifying a normative reason | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Example of consuming a free good | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q4 | What is needed to eliminate scarcity | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Encouraging more division of labour | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Identifying a normative statement | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Basic economic problem | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Opportunity cost of a purchase | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q1 | What helps solve the basic economic problem | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Essential requirement of entrepreneurs | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Effect of automation and division of labour | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Definition of capital as factor | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Opportunity cost of reallocating budget | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Disadvantage of division of labour | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Factor of production needed first | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Effects of division of labour | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Opportunity cost of a closure policy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Conditions encouraging enterprise | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Positive versus normative policy statements | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Scarcity for rich and poor | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Identifying a normative statement | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Opportunity cost of career choice | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Defining a normative statement | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Action not raising factor quality | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Effects of dividing production into tasks | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Identifying normative statements | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Basic questions from scarcity | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Language of positive statements | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Meaning of opportunity cost | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Human capital term | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Meaning of ceteris paribus | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Basis of normative statements |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 5 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Meaning of opportunity cost in policy |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | What to produce under demographic change |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Scarcity, choice, opportunity cost with PPC |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Entrepreneurship versus other factors for growth |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Opportunity cost of paying subsidies |
Chapter 2: Economic Systems, Production Possibility Curves and Classification of Goods
116 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 79 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Mixed economy and resource allocation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Why PPC is concave | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Example of a public good | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Merit good under-consumption conditions | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Example of direct state provision | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Situation meeting public good conditions | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Feature not found in planned economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q5 | PPC movements and efficiency | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Moving from planned to market allocation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q5 | PPC movement analysis | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Good that is non-rival and state-provided | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Conclusions from two PPCs | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Goods least likely allocated by markets | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q5 | How a public good becomes private | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Not a function of price mechanism | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Non-rivalrous nature of public goods | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Cause of outward PPC shift | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Reason for free state education | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Type of good for crowded public site | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Reading PPC combinations | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Goods in a mixed economy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Statement on direct state provision | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Statement about market economy | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Efficient and inefficient PPC positions | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Incorrect statement on classes of goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q4 | PPC with constant opportunity cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Productivity improvement and PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Direct provision of goods and services | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Deductions from a PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Effects of PPC shift between sectors | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Conclusions from a PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Type of good using no scarce resources | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Solving the free rider problem | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Conclusion from position inside PPC | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Classifying free food for the poor | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Item that is not a public good | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Opportunity cost along a PPC | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Why a PPC exists | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Why markets cannot allocate everything | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Underconsumption of merit goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Movement on PPC with zero opportunity cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Classifying tax-funded free healthcare | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Effect of moving to a market economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Opportunity cost as output rises on PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Classifying a toll-free road | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Policy unlikely in market transition | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Cause of over-consumption | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Shifts of PPC after an event | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Classifying a good under imperfect information | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Example of a free good | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q3 | Reason for PPC shift | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Labour change shifting PPC left | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Feature not found in mixed economy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Price function relying on consumer choice | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Classifying a park amenity as public good | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Deductions from a PPC | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Goods suitable for market provision | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Deductions from a PPC | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Where price system cannot allocate | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Changes when moving to a market economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Whether a state-provided service is free good | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Why government keeps providing some goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Resource allocation in planned economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Rival good in consumption | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Deductions from PPC movement | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q4 | Opportunity cost along a PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Goods only government provides | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q1 | Opportunity cost read from a PPC | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q11 | When price mechanism fails to allocate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Characteristic of planned economy | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q3 | PPC points of full resource use | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Roles of demand and supply in markets | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q12 | What price does when allocating resources | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Effects of more public goods | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Requirement for price mechanism allocation | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q1 | PPC points where resources are fully used | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Opportunity cost from PPC comparison | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Price mechanism and changing consumer preferences | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Why the state provides a service |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 33 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Whether an economy is mixed |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 | 20 | Free and private goods; public versus merit good |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 | 20 | PPC movement and shift; labour as resource |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 4 | PPC and productive capacity change |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 | 20 | PPC movements and shifts |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 | 20 | Public versus free goods; merit and demerit goods |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 4 | PPC opportunity cost for a farmer |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Resource allocation as demand keeps rising |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 | 20 | Merit good provision and charging for it |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Benefits of market resource allocation |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Public good versus private good |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 | 20 | PPC position; role of market mechanism |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 | 20 | PPC opportunity costs; market economy as system |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 | 20 | Public and free goods; free healthcare |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 | 20 | Public versus merit goods; planned to mixed economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 | 20 | PPC and resource allocation to investment |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | PPC effect of investment in technology |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 | 20 | Free versus public goods; merit and demerit goods |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Why mass transit is a private good |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 | 20 | PPC movements; public versus merit good |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | PPC effect of rising unemployment |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 2 | Why a good is a demerit good |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 | 20 | Price functions; market versus mixed economy |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Price as signal of scarcity |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 8 | PPC effect of labour decrease |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 8 | PPC to show scarcity and opportunity cost |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Over and under-consumption of merit and demerit goods |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 | 20 | Merit goods classification; mixed versus planned economy |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 4 | Classifying free state provision of a service |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 | 20 | Growth types on PPC; planned versus market economy |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d)–(e) | 9 | PPC opportunity cost; price mechanism success |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 | 20 | Public good characteristics; merit goods provision |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 | 20 | PPC and capital goods; planned to market transition |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 4 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q16 | PPC indicator of long-run growth | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Movement inside to edge of PPC | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q2 | Conclusions from a PPC | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q2 | Conclusions from a PPC |
Chapter 3: Demand and Supply Curves
79 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 62 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Interpreting an unlabelled market curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Axes of supply curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Derived demand and subsidy effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Cause of demand curve shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Equilibrium after subsidy for machinery | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Joint demand and price change effect | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Cause of supply shift | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Cause of demand shift in car market | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Supply decrease and demand increase effects | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Apparent breach of law of demand | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Reading a supply and demand diagram | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Individual versus market demand influences | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Items fixed when summing supply curves | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Cause of individual demand shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Cause of supply curve shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Related goods and equilibrium price | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Input price rise and market effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Demand shift from ownership change | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Good classification and demand shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Subsidy on substitute inputs | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Factor shifting demand left | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Firm supply contribution at two prices | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Global recession effect on market equilibrium | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Supply cut and recession effects on market | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Quality reviews and market equilibrium | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Description of market supply curve | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Cause of individual demand shift | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Definition of effective demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Effect of events on demand or supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Imported component cost on market diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Housing market with fixed supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Cause of rising price of unique items | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Demand effect of substitute shortage | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Long-run supply effect of reduced investment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Demand shift in a fuel market | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Subsidy and demand change on equilibrium | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Cause of excess demand | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Substitutes in consumption and production | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Reading consumption and production diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Good and price change raising quantity demanded | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q12 | New equilibrium after cost and taste changes | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Cause of a supply curve shift | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Change that does not shift demand | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Supply equation quantity change | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Shape of normal good demand curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Cause of demand shift left | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Item not held constant in a demand curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Factor not shifting supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Technology and taste changes in a market | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Cost fall effect on market diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Non-cause of equilibrium shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Factor shifting demand only | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Combined demand and supply shifts | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Demand rise and equilibrium at an event | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Reason for downward-sloping individual demand | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Advertising and demand shift | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Changes leaving demand unchanged | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Cause of supply curve shift right | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Reason supply curve slopes upward | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Subsidy and demand shift on equilibrium | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Ceteris paribus conditions of demand curve | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Explaining price rise with higher quantity demanded |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 16 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Diagram of falling price |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Supply fall and demand rise with diagram |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Cost reasons for supply shift |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Diagram of supply shock on price |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Percentage price change from data |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Stock build-up and future price |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Determinants of supply of a crop |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Movement along versus shift of demand |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Demand and supply diagram for price rise |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Determinants of demand for a product |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 4 | Demand and supply effect of technology |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Causes of rising demand and market effects |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a)–(c) | 8 | Price change calculation, causes, supply effects |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 4 | Percentage sales change and market contraction |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a)–(c) | 7 | Causes of price changes in a commodity market |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 5 | Percentage price change; demand and supply reasons |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 1 question
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q1 (a) | 3 | Trends in demand for uses of a product |
Chapter 4: Price, Income and Cross Elasticity of Demand and Price Elasticity of Supply
111 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 86 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Meaning of negative income elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Price and expenditure from table | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Price with unit elasticity of demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Meaning of negative income elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Inferior good market diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Income and cross elasticity implications | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Firm with greatest supply response | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Why supply elasticity differs by product type | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Condition for negative income elasticity | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Short-run versus long-run supply response | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Supply elasticity with fixed capacity | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Income versus price elasticity uses | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Why supply elasticity is very low | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Determinant of price elasticity of supply | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q8 | New equilibrium after cost rise | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Revenue change and elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Elasticity from price and quantity data | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Elasticity table for two consumers | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Elasticity affected by labour shortage | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Supply response with labour-intensive production | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Rightward shift in inferior good demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Supply curve with unit elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Infinite supply elasticity and revenue | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Supply elasticity from equation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Classifying good from elasticity values | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Inferior good demand relationships | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Meaning of negative income elasticity | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Business slowest to raise output | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Pricing and capacity with unit elasticity | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Supply elasticity after specific tax | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Classifying a good from elasticities | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Elasticity of straight-line demand curves | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Quantity supplied change from supply elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Elasticity along a linear demand curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Cross elasticities and related goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Supply elasticity from equation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Demand schedule conclusions | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q12 | When supply can respond without price rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Effect of rival substitute on diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Health scare effect on related product | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Income elasticity calculation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Meaning of horizontal supply curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Income elasticity and demand curve shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Price cut and clearing stock with inelastic demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Output change from supply elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Cross elasticity from bus and car use | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Relationship implied by cross elasticity value | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Supply response in short and long run | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Meaning of elastic demand | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Supply inelasticity of club membership | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Cross elasticity calculation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Supply elasticity along a supply curve | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Elasticity from equal revenue areas | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Income elasticity from spending table | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Condition making demand price elastic | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Elasticity from price and revenue changes | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Income elasticity from consumption table | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Elasticity of different supply curves | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Comparing goods with different supply elasticity | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Diagram of unitary elasticity of supply | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Elasticity effects of price rise on revenue | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Definition of elasticity of supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q8 | Related goods with positive cross elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Condition for elastic supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Supply response from elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Elasticity of linear supply curves | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Example of joint demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Explaining high supply elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Elasticity values across consumers | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Expenditure and price for products | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Cause of inelastic market supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Related market effects between goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Product with lowest demand elasticity | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Price rise with revenue rise and elasticity | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Definition of elasticity of supply | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Meaning of positive cross elasticity | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Reading demand response in company data | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q5 | Situation of low supply elasticity | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Why firms estimate price elasticity of demand | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Cross elasticities and related goods | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Short-run supply elasticity differences | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Moving along demand curve elasticity | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Definition of cross elasticity of demand | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Interpreting price elasticity of supply value | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Demand shift for an inferior good | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Identifying related goods from diagrams |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 25 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q2 | 20 | Price elasticity and time; income versus cross elasticity |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Reason for demand elasticity and percentage change |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Income versus cross elasticity for a business |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Usefulness of supply elasticity to firm |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Judging short-run supply elasticity |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Meaning of supply elasticity estimates |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Measuring effect of substitute price |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Supply elasticity of farm versus factory goods |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Income versus price elasticity for a business |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Judging supply elasticity of a crop |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q3 | 20 | Income elasticity; usefulness of other elasticities |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Elasticity and effect of price rises on poor |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Cross versus income elasticity of demand |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 | 20 | Income elasticity; usefulness of price elasticities |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Price versus income elasticity for a firm |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 | 20 | Price elasticity of demand; supply versus cross elasticity |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 | 20 | Supply elasticity estimates; price versus cross elasticity |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Cross elasticity formula and determinants |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 2 | Income elasticity of demand judgement |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Income elasticity coefficient and good classification |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q2 | 20 | Determinants of elasticity; price versus income elasticity |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Determinants of price elasticity of supply |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 | 20 | Income elasticity and price elasticity determinants |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c) | 4 | Short-run and long-run supply elasticity |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Price elastic and inelastic supply examples |
Chapter 5: Market Equilibrium and Consumer and Producer Surplus
48 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 43 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Definition of market equilibrium | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Consumer surplus change after tax | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Definition of consumer surplus | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Producer surplus area | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Effects of prices set above and below equilibrium | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q9 | Variable always raising consumer surplus | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Goods in joint supply from an example | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Consumer surplus area | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Equilibrium from demand and supply schedule | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Market position from demand equation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Cause of larger consumer surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Surplus changes after supply shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Areas on market diagram | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q9 | Statements on consumer and producer surplus | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Joint demand and joint supply effects | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Producer surplus area | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q5 | Area of producer surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q7 | Adjustment from a market surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Demand and supply for fixed spaces | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q7 | Consumer surplus from willingness to pay | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Equilibrium from demand and supply equations | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Consumer surplus and expenditure areas | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q6 | What consumer surplus measures | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Cause of market disequilibrium | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Adjustment from a shortage to equilibrium | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q9 | Meaning of joint supply | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Joint supply market effects | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Area of consumer and producer surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Pricing for a fixed-capacity event | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q8 | Invalid statement from market diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q6 | Meaning of consumer surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q7 | Producer surplus area | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Fixed capacity and ticket pricing | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Changes lowering quantity and raising price | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q6 | Factor raising producer surplus | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q10 | Condition for zero consumer surplus | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Adjustment from price above equilibrium | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Consumer surplus after price rise | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Meaning of market disequilibrium | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Demand fall with supply rise in market diagrams | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q8 | Demand rise with cost fall | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q10 | Joint supply and joint demand effects | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q11 | Meaning of consumer surplus |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 5 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Consumer and producer surplus |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 4 | Consumer surplus after price rise |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Consumer and producer surplus after cost rise |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Market equilibrium and changes in it |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Price elasticity and consumer surplus change |
Chapter 6: Government Microeconomic Intervention
127 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 95 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Welfare and government expenditure graph | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Likely effect of a subsidy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Items counted in wealth | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Reason for a minimum price | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Goods suitable for buffer stock | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Unit tax on demerit good | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Sugar tax effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Explaining rise in inequality coefficient | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Reason for progressive tax | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Maximum price causing shortage | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Effects of removing indirect tax | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Transfer payment example | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Subsidy with inelastic demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Reason for a minimum price | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q11 | Example of wealth | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Tax to correct overconsumption | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Policy to raise provision of a service | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Example of a transfer payment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Identifying a proportional tax system | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q11 | Tax burden and elasticity conditions | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Items excluded from wealth | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Maximum price effects on a market | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Guaranteed farm income policy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Classifying a tax with allowance | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Statement on maximum and minimum prices | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Buffer stock scheme analysis | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Income tax graph and tax type | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Method that shifts demand curve | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Buffer stock scheme analysis | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Measuring wealth versus income | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Inequality coefficient comparisons | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Defining progressive tax | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Specific tax when supply is fixed | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Reason for healthcare intervention | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Effect of income tax changes | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Agricultural market diagram over two years | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Cause of wealth inequality | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q5 | Policy for merit and demerit goods | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q13 | Policy raising farm income without dearer food | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q12 | Objective behind minimum price | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Area on indirect tax diagram | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q12 | Policy that cuts inequality but employment | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Tax structure and progressivity | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Condition for road charges to work | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Tax table and tax type | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Identifying a regressive item | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Requirement for a transfer payment | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Specific tax shift of curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Tax that reduces inequality | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Sales tax effect on market diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Maximum price above equilibrium with surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Disadvantage of transfer payments | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Policies increasing inequality | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q12 | Specific tax areas on diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Effects of a maximum price | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Income and wealth classification | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Specific tax area measurement | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Measures raising merit good consumption | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Effective minimum price on tickets | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Unit tax on demerit good diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Policy combination to cut income inequality | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q13 | Subsidy to correct under-awareness of externality | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Interpreting income and wealth inequality coefficients | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Minimum wage and low pay graph | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Guaranteed price with subsidy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Statement consistent with cutting transfers | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q6 | Indirect tax and consumer spending | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q10 | Free state provision in a market | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Outcome of a maximum price | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Tax amount from market diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Defining a transfer payment | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Process of privatisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Definition of progressive tax | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Policy best for equality aim | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Describing a payment by tax effect | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Subsidy conditions and outcome | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Reason not to privatise | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Meaning of tax incidence | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Maximum and minimum price diagram | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q14 | Effects of maximum and minimum prices | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Road charging and journeys | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Maximum price in electricity market | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Example of a transfer payment | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Regressive tax combination | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Regulated price versus equilibrium | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Subsidy effects for cleaner vehicles | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Nature of a transfer payment | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Direct tax burden by household group | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q14 | Area on diagram after supply shift | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Identifying direct tax | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Effect of maximum price below equilibrium | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Not a producer subsidy | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Maximum price below equilibrium effects | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Classifying types of tax | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Subsidy effect on market diagram |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 31 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 10 | State provision and subsidy for electricity |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 10 | Buffer stock and minimum pricing |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Provision of free childcare |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Stabilising producer incomes |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q3 | 20 | Inequality coefficient; income versus wealth redistribution |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q3 | 20 | Subsidy changes; tax on demerit good |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (d)–(e) | 12 | Price guidance policy; unequal effects on households |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Subsidy to increase merit good use |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Maximum prices on many products |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 8 | Inequality coefficient and education spending |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Marginal versus average tax rate |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 10 | Buffer stock scheme and producer gains |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q3 | 20 | Reasons for inequality; redistribution policies |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 | 20 | Measuring inequality; redistribution success |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q3 | 20 | Merit and demerit goods; minimum price |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q2 | 20 | Indirect tax incidence; information and demerit goods |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 | 20 | Direct provision; maximum price pros and cons |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Reasons for taxes and fairness of tax types |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Subsidising urban transport |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Buffer stock scheme evaluation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 4 | Subsidy removal and inflation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Maximum price on essential food |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e)–(f) | 12 | Advertising ban effects on market and groups |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q3 | 20 | Merit good provision; buffer stock schemes |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q3 | 20 | Causes of income inequality; minimum price |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b)–(e) | 18 | Minimum price, buffer stocks, maximum price controls |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d)–(f) | 13 | Minimum price, subsidy and maximum price |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b)–(d) | 12 | Subsidy gaps, sales tax, other farm support |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Maximum price effects on consumers |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Progressive and regressive taxes |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Tax incidence on necessities |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 1 question
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q15 | Undesirable result of maximum price |
Chapter 7: National Income Statistics and the Circular Flow of Income
51 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 36 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Calculating GDP at factor cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Real GDP change from price data | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Example of injection in open economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q17 | GDP at market prices calculation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Conditions for fastest real GDP growth | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Describing a rise in real GDP | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Equilibrium conditions in open economy with government | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Equilibrium condition in open circular flow | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Income not counted in real GDP | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q19 | National income per head change | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Cause of larger circular flow | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Living standards from nominal GDP change | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Adjusting GDP from market to basic prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q16 | Circular flow equation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q18 | National income accounts adjustments | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Equilibrium real output from table | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Why net income is below gross income | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Circular flow components calculation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Meaning of real disposable income measure | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Export increase in circular flow | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Item excluded from national income | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Nominal and real GDP growing equally | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Cause of macro disequilibrium | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q20 | National income calculation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Changes raising circular flow | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Saving from injections and withdrawals | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Item excluded from national income | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Converting nominal to real GDP | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Direction of flows in circular flow | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Real versus nominal GDP from deflator | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Real GDP calculation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q21 | National income calculation from table | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Net national income calculation | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Circular flow statement | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Nominal versus real output from data | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Nominal and real income change |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 4 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Circular flow from closed to open economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Circular flow in an open economy |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Circular flow in open economy, deficits |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Circular flow closed and open economy |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 10 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q26 | Real GDP per head from three variables | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q27 | Real income per head from growth rates | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Real income per head calculation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q19 | Converting GDP at factor cost to market prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q20 | GDP per head as a living standard guide | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Real versus nominal GDP for growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q19 | Converting GDP into net national income | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q19 | National income per head overstating well-being | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q19 | National income per head overstating well-being | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Items excluded from national income accounts |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 1 question
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a) | 3 | GDP at constant prices |
Chapter 8: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
62 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 46 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Cause of leftward AD shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q21 | AD and AS in a resource-dependent economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q16 | AD and AS equilibrium change | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Cause of AD/AS shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Consequence of falling price level | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Policy to reach full employment output | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Incorrect statement on long-run AS curve | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Explaining downward-sloping AD | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q18 | AD/AS and expected cost rise | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Policy and new equilibrium with LRAS | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Information needed to draw SRAS | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Cause of AD shift right | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q22 | New equilibrium after spending cut | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Export market recession at full employment | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Why AD slopes downward | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q15 | AD and AS after labour cost cuts | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q16 | AD increase with long-run AS | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Cause of AD fall | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Causes of AD shift from taxes | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Initial demand level with flat AS | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Education spending and AD shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Income tax rise and new equilibrium | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Income tax rise and AD or AS | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Reason AD slopes downward | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Policy shift with AD and LRAS | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Why AD slopes downward | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Subsidy and tax changes with AD/AS | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q21 | New equilibrium with AD and LRAS | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q18 | What AD/AS analysis shows directly | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Why AD rises when price level falls | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Cause of outward AD shift | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q26 | AD shift with long-run AS | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Causes of change in short and long-run AS | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q21 | AD and LRAS after labour outflow | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q22 | AD/AS with wage costs and trade balance | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Factor shifting AD right | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Events raising prices and lowering output | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Effect of productivity on AD/AS | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Raw material shortage in AD/AS | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Cushioning a fall in domestic demand | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Oil price rise and SRAS shift | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Axes of AD curve | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Description of AD curve | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Government action moving AD/AS equilibrium | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q22 | AD/AS shifts from spending and cost changes | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Non-causes of AD shift |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 6 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Components of AD and their increase |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Population change and aggregate demand |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 | 20 | Components of AD and inflation; rebalancing the economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 | 20 | AD changes, output, prices and unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 8 | AD and AS increases with diagram |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 6 | AD/AS effect on inflation of changes |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 10 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Effects of a negative output gap | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q17 | Growth and prices with positive output gap | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q17 | Growth and prices with positive output gap | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q22 | AD increase and short-run to long-run effects | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Economy measures and output gap diagrams | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q24 | Effect of positive output gap | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Negative output gap effects | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q24 | Features of positive output gap | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q24 | Features of positive output gap | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Output gap after AD and AS increase |
Chapter 9: Economic Growth, Unemployment and Price Stability
98 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 57 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Unlikely reason for growth objective | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Inflation above target with low unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Least likely consequence of rapid growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Opportunity cost of growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Unemployment from technology change | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Period of disinflation only | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Unemployment type from sector decline | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Relative price change versus price index | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Statement on price stability | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Cause of frictional unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Unemployment rate from labour data | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Meaning of deflation | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Likely consequence of growth | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Meaning of price stability | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Explaining changes in unemployment types | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Interpreting consumer prices index series | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q16 | Cause of price level rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Real salary change from price index | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Classifying unemployment from falling incomes | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Benefit of lower inflation with interest rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Explaining employment and unemployment both falling | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Effects of four years of deflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Cause of rising frictional unemployment | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Unemployment type when refusing a job offer | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q18 | Cost of negative growth | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Interpreting real GDP index | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q16 | Causes of demand-pull and cost-push inflation | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Unemployment rate denominator | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Definition of unemployed person | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Description of consumer prices index | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Cause of lower frictional unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Implication of negative inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Group unaffected by cost-push inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Possible price and wage combination | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Reading inflation rate graph | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Type of unemployment from job losses | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Comparing inflation graph across countries | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q17 | Group harmed by high inflation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Reading unemployment graph | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Unemployment types and remedies | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Who gains from high inflation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Conditions for rising income per head | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Action least likely to prevent growth falling | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Inferring price level from inflation graph | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Wage and price growth features | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Inflation and growth from GDP indices | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Inflation types after oil price rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Combination reducing inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Redistributive effect of inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Statement on changing price levels | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Change decreasing inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Change reducing domestic inflation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Reading inflation rate graph | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Factor whose fall reduces inflation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Winners and losers in high inflation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Preventing worsening deflation | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Reading price index data for deflation |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 34 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 | 20 | Frictional and technological unemployment; seriousness |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Inflation effects on consumers and firms |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Comparing population and ageing trends |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Causes of inflation |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a)–(c) | 8 | Inflation versus rates; CPI accuracy; disinflation |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 4 | Unemployment change and impact |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Demand and supply causes of deflation |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 | 20 | Causes, measurement and benefits of growth |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a)–(c) | 8 | Inflation trend, negative real rate, problems |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Causes and consequences of growth |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Commodity price rise and future growth |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Measuring unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Price fluctuations and producer economies |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q4 | 20 | Diagram of inflation causes; benefits and costs |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Causes and seriousness of unemployment |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a)–(c) | 8 | Price trend, type of inflation, labour shortage |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Comparing projected growth rates |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Technology and unemployment |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 | 20 | Interest cut and growth; desirability of growth |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 6 | Growth calculation and internal causes of growth |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Consequences of faster growth |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Cyclical versus structural unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Internal versus external effects of inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a)–(d) | 14 | Negative growth, recession, recovery effects |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Causes of unemployment |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 | 20 | Unemployment data, seasonality, measurement and remedies |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Cost-push versus demand-pull inflation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Cost-push versus demand-pull inflation |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Comparing inflation rates over periods |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d)–(e) | 12 | Demand or supply inflation; consequences of inflation |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Consequences of economic growth |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a)–(d) | 14 | Inflation trend, CPI, consequences, wage-driven causes |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 4 | Inflation comparison, price level, causes |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (a) | 8 | Cost-push versus demand-pull inflation |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 5 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q13 | Stage of cycle with widening negative gap | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q18 | Growth rate comparison from table | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q18 | Growth rate comparison from table | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Short-term unemployment between jobs | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Unemployment rate from labour data |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 2 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 41 | Q1 (c) | 6 | Cause of economic decline from evidence |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a) | 3 | Meaning of a recession |
Chapter 10: Macroeconomic Objectives and Fiscal Policy
58 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 41 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q18 | Capital expenditure example | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Fiscal policy raising AD | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Not a macroeconomic objective | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Effect of fiscal and monetary changes together | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Deficit cut with interest rate rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Income tax cut effects on trade | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Government spending and AD effect | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Tax rise funding training spending | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Profit tax cut classification | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Contractionary policy example | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Making indirect tax policy more effective | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Tax rise to cut deficit and objectives | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Identifying fiscal policy measure | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Budget position from spending and revenue | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Fiscal measures on inflation and inequality | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Certainly expansionary policy mix | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Example of macroeconomic policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Large project and price level effect | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Regressive fiscal policy combination | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Meaning of a budget surplus | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Accurate statement on budget balances | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Effect of expansionary fiscal policy | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Policies to restore price stability | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Policy mix preventing deflation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Objective served by higher income tax | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Defining a macroeconomic policy | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Government budget balance change | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Policy to cut unemployment and external deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Cutting spending to reduce inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Borrowing for expansionary fiscal policy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Meaning of national debt | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Government approach to end deflation | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Effects of expansionary fiscal policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Deflationary fiscal policy and AS shapes | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Moving from balanced budget to deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Policy mix with deflation and debt | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Conflict between target and action | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Expansionary fiscal policy example | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Contractionary fiscal policy example | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q15 | Categories of government spending table | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q14 | Cutting public investment and growth effects |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 13 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 | 20 | Budget balance and expansionary fiscal policy |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Fiscal policy against high inflation |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Expansionary fiscal policy with AD/AS |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Expansionary versus contractionary fiscal policy |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Balanced budget as objective |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Expansionary policy choice for low unemployment |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 12 | Assessing policy record; alternatives to rate changes |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Budget balance versus surplus or deficit |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Comparing government budget balances |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Direct versus indirect tax revenue |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Using policy to meet macro objectives |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Meaning of a stimulus package |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Direct taxes versus interest rates for inflation |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 1 question
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Budget deficit determinants |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 3 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 41 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Evidence of government borrowing |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (b)–(d) | 17 | Government borrowing, crowding out, evidence assessment |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q1 (d) | 7 | Budget deficit and government measures |
Chapter 11: Monetary Policy and Supply-side Policy
69 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 42 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q23 | When interest rise controls inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Benefit cuts and policy type | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Central bank tool for price stability | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Example of expansionary monetary policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Money supply effect on rate and AD | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Item not a monetary policy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Impact of expansionary monetary policy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Not an expansionary supply-side policy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Identifying expansionary monetary policy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Supply-side policy encouraging new firms | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Infrastructure investment with AD/AS | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Instrument of tighter monetary policy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Statement on supply-side policies | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Drawback of raising interest rates | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Tax cut as supply-side policy | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Reducing credit regulation | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Why supply-side policy may not cut prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Supply-side policy lowering deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Interest rise impact and economic position | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Training subsidy and current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Supply-side policy with short-run output cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q13 | Low interest rates and house prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Effect of lower interest rates | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Incorrect statement on supply-side policy | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Result of expansionary monetary policy | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Policy that is not supply-side | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Expansionary supply-side policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Most expansionary monetary measures | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Supply-side measure for short-run growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Business tax cut and price level | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Classifying a retraining policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Least effective supply-side policy case | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Instrument for expansionary monetary policy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Identifying supply-side policy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Outcome of contractionary monetary policy | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Long-run policy against cost-push inflation | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q15 | Policy to reduce inflation without losing output | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Conditions for supply-side policy success | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Tax threshold change and policy type | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Why contractionary monetary policy cuts inflation | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Contractionary monetary policy variable | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Monetary policy in global recession |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 25 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Supply-side versus demand-side policy |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d)–(e) | 12 | Interest rates, recession, inflation targeting |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Infrastructure policies and unemployment |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Supply-side policy to cut inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Monetary policy for inflation control |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Supply-side policy and unemployment types |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Supply-side policies and growth |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Interest rate rise to control inflation |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Supply-side policy for long-run growth |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Calculating the real interest rate |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Diversification away from resource dependence |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Monetary policy for recovery |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Supply-side policy for long-term unemployment |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Monetary versus supply-side policy for inflation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Supply-side policy for diversification |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Monetary policy and high inflation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Monetary policy and inflation |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 4 | Interest rate rise and inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Supply-side policy and enterprise |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (b) | 12 | Expansionary monetary policy against deflation |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Difficulties of supply-side policies |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Monetary versus fiscal policy for inflation |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Contractionary monetary policy and inflation |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Interest rate cuts with AD/AS diagram |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q3 (b) | 12 | Fiscal policy to raise aggregate supply |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 2 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q6 (a) | 12 | Monetary policy transmission mechanism |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q6 (a) | 12 | Monetary policy transmission mechanism |
Chapter 12: International Trade and Protectionism
73 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 50 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Limitation of comparative advantage | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Tariff removal diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Meaning of comparative advantage | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Diagram of specialisation and trade | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Explaining international trade in vaccines | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Correct description of a tariff | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Invalid reason for protectionism | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Invalid argument for protectionism | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Effect of larger import quota | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Specialisation gains from output table | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Comparative advantage from production possibilities | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Export subsidy diagram effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Specialisation from output data | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Impact of tariff on raw materials | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Item that is not protectionism | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Outcome of domestic production subsidy | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Specialisation on a PPC | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Forms of protectionism | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Item that is not protectionism | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Conditions for gains from specialisation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Argument not supporting import tariffs | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Unintended effect of import restriction | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Import duty with inelastic demand | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Output gain from specialisation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Multilateral versus bilateral trade | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Comparative advantage from input table | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Import market policy and price | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Production possibilities of two countries | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q19 | Term for lower opportunity cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q3 | Comparative advantage from production table | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Gains from trade at an agreed exchange ratio | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q15 | Definition of absolute advantage | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Output gain from specialisation using PPCs | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Measure directly promoting trade | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Specialisation gains from production possibilities | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Gains from specialisation by two countries | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Effect of tariff using diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Tariff effect on market diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Trade creation in customs union | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Comparative advantage from output table | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Tariff diagram analysis | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Removing a tariff on a product | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q21 | Trade protection effect on import supply | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Reason for export tax | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Tariff effects with perfectly elastic supply | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Type of protectionism agreement | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Loss of export ranking explained | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Removing a quota on imports | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Identifying forms of protectionism | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Comparative advantage from time table |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 20 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q5 | 20 | Tools of protection and their beneficiaries |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Specialisation and export dependence |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Free trade versus protectionism |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Trade area membership and growth |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Policy influence on comparative advantage |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Consequences of free trade |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Advantages of free trade |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Methods of protection and effects |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (b) | 2 | Meaning of comparative advantage |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Removing protection and trade deficit |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 22 | Q5 | 20 | Protectionism, tariffs, free trade and development |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Technology, specialisation and trade |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 | 20 | Tariffs versus quotas; limits of trade theories |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Arguments for and against protectionism |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Absolute versus comparative advantage |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Subsidies and opportunity cost in production |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Tariff war winners and losers |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Export subsidies versus tariffs |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Describing import trends from data |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 | 20 | Protectionism methods and evaluation of protecting an industry |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 3 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q25 | Impact of a tariff on steel | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q25 | Impact of a tariff on steel | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q29 | Removing tariffs on diagram |
Chapter 13: Balance of Payments, Exchange Rates and Current Account Policies
139 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 110 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Consequence of currency depreciation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Terms of trade calculation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Item outside current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Measure to cut current account deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Effect of current account deficit on floating rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Certain terms of trade improvement | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Depreciation diagram effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Primary income example | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Oil supply cut with inelastic demand | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Why terms of trade has no units | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Long-run fix for persistent deficit | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Examples of primary and secondary income | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Short-term impact of currency value fall | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Cause of persistent current account surplus | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Terms of trade formula | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Policy to reduce current account deficit | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Currency market diagram shift | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Cause of larger current account deficit | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Impact of terms of trade index rise | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Growth and current account link | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Terms of trade definition | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Cause of exchange rate fall | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Trade deficit with current account surplus | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Trade balance table analysis | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Cause of fall in exchange rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Transaction not in current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Condition for improved terms of trade | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Circumstances helping firm gain from depreciation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Which rate rises when account falls into deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Policy to cut deficit without inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Terms of trade from price table | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q29 | Balance from trade and income figures | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Percentage currency appreciation from table | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Valid reason to tolerate current account deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Cause of current account deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q29 | Meaning of improved terms of trade | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Effect of rising currency value | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Disadvantage of floating exchange rates | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Interpreting terms of trade rise | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q28 | Reading exchange rate table | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Current account balance from table | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Policy mix for deficit with elastic exports | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Export of services in current account | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 13 | Q30 | Cause of improving terms of trade | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Why depreciation may fail | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q26 | When terms of trade must change | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Current account balance from table | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Goods and services balance trend | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Non-cause of current account deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Item outside the current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Remittances in current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Term for fall in currency value | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q18 | Result of export prices rising relatively | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Reason for larger current account deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Recording education services in balance of payments | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q21 | Components of primary income | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Cause of current account deficit | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q22 | Trade balance and exchange rate data | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Depreciation and terms of trade | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Surplus under floating exchange rate | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Trade value changes and payments balance | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Central bank intervention in currency market | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Balance of payments figures table | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Policies to cut current account surplus | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q25 | What changes the terms of trade | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Cutting secondary income deficit | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q17 | Recording remittances in balance of payments | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q19 | Policy for adverse current account | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Terms of trade index interpretation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 13 | Q27 | Policy to cut a current account surplus | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q17 | Reading exchange rate graphs | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Cause of exchange rate rise | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Forex market demand shift | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Use of terms of trade | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Export price rise with unchanged sales | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q27 | Reason to prefer floating exchange rate | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Interest rate rise to fix current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q20 | Exchange rate band maintenance | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q23 | Current account data comparison | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Terms of trade index formula | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Cause of exchange rate rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Explaining a larger current account deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Condition for depreciation to improve account | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 11 | Q29 | Validity of interest rise to cut deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q22 | Conditions for improved terms of trade | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Effect of currency value fall | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q26 | Pricing response to depreciation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Policy giving expenditure switching | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q23 | Price and volume indexes of trade | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q25 | Example of trade in services | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q19 | Currency depreciation and domestic production | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q24 | Cause of fall in terms of trade | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q25 | Labelling trade balance lines | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q26 | Best policy to raise currency value | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q27 | Interest rate rise and capital inflows | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q30 | Policy for deficit and inflation under fixed rate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Purpose of trade-weighted exchange rate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Terms of trade improvement | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q23 | Pressure to devalue under fixed rate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Devaluation and elasticities of trade | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q30 | Policy to cut deficit while keeping jobs | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q20 | Cause of terms of trade improvement | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q22 | Balance of payments table calculation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q24 | Fixed rate and loss of confidence | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q26 | Elasticities of trade and AD/AS | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q28 | Expenditure-reducing current account measure | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q21 | Terms of trade change from price movements | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q24 | Items outside the current account | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q25 | Effect of export and import price changes | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q28 | Depreciation to reduce external deficit |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 29 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 | 20 | Current account components, depreciation, supply-side policy |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 | 20 | Current account deficit reasons; protection versus contraction |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (c) | 4 | Currency falls and current account deficit |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 22 | Q5 | 20 | Trade balance, exchange rate, terms of trade |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 23 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Reasons for terms of trade change |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Currency fall and import demand |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 22 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Terms of trade formula and improvement |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 21 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Benefits of current account surplus |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 6 | Current account deficit and import reduction |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 (b) | 12 | Protectionism for current account deficit |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Trade balance trend and percentage change |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c) | 4 | Currency fall and trade balance |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q1 (b) | 6 | Causes and effects of currency depreciation |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 23 | Q5 | 20 | Causes of terms of trade change; protection tools |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 22 | Q4 | 20 | Depreciation and output; fiscal policy and current account |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 21 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 8 | Currency appreciation and terms of trade |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 | 20 | Terms of trade versus balance of trade |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 23 | Q5 | 20 | Tariffs and current account; consequences of deficit |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 21 | Q5 (a) | 8 | Causes and effects of currency depreciation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 22 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Protectionism and current account deficit |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 22 | Q5 | 20 | Exchange rate appreciation; supply-side policy and current account |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 | 20 | Causes of depreciation; protection and current account |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 | 20 | Inflation and exchange rate; terms of trade rise |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Inflation and exchange rate effects on trade terms |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 21 | Q4 (a) | 8 | Difficulties of a fixed exchange rate |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Oil price fall and currency fall effects |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 22 | Q4 | 20 | Current account surplus; expenditure policies compared |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 23 | Q4 | 20 | Causes of persistent deficit; policies to reduce it |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (a)–(c) | 8 | Current account, terms of trade, price elasticity link |
Chapter 14: Utility, Indifference Curves and Budget Lines
66 past-paper questions
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Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 58 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q4 | Utility-maximising choice after change | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Slope of a budget line | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Optimal purchase from marginal utility table | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q1 | Equi-marginal principle | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q3 | Factor not shifting budget line | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Budget line shift | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Consumer equilibrium after taste change | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q1 | Equi-marginal principle | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q3 | Factor not shifting budget line | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Inferior good income and substitution effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q1 | Total utility curve and zero marginal utility | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q2 | Characteristic of an indifference curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q1 | How consumers arrange spending for utility | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Realistic feature of indifference theory | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q1 | Utility-maximising rule for two goods | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q2 | Incorrect statement on indifference curves | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q1 | Statement on utility concepts | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q2 | Consumer choice from indifference and budget line | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Total utility and marginal utility from data | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Consumer choice on a budget line | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q1 | Statement on utility concepts | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q2 | Consumer choice from indifference and budget line | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Diminishing marginal utility | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Meaning of indifference curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q1 | Total satisfaction with diminishing marginal utility | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q2 | Budget line from income and prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Total utility of two consumers | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Indifference curve combinations | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q1 | Marginal utility diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q2 | Reason for convex indifference curve | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q1 | Reading marginal utility diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q3 | Incorrect indifference theory assumption | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Movement along an indifference curve | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q1 | Reading marginal utility diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q3 | Incorrect indifference theory assumption | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Assumptions of rational consumer | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Utility maximising choice from marginal utility | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Price change effects on consumer equilibrium | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q4 | Equi-marginal utility rule | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q5 | Statement about a budget line | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q6 | Price change with indifference curves | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Total and average utility from data | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Statement about a budget line | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Price rise income and substitution effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q4 | Consumer demand and price change diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q5 | Budget line and indifference curves | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q6 | Price rise with indifference curves | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q4 | Core principle of marginal utility theory | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q5 | Budget lines and relative price change | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q6 | Income and substitution effects for inferior good | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Meaning of budget line | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Description of Giffen good | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q4 | Core principle of marginal utility theory | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q5 | Budget lines and relative price change | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q6 | Income and substitution effects for inferior good | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Marginal utility and downward demand curve | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Budget line unchanged by price and income changes | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Indifference map with budget line shift |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 8 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2025 · Paper 41 | Q2 | 20 | Indifference analysis of price change |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 43 | Q2 | 20 | Indifference analysis of price change |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Marginal utility theory and demand |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 41 | Q3 | 20 | Price rise for normal and Giffen goods |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 43 | Q3 | 20 | Price rise for normal and Giffen goods |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Indifference curves deriving demand, normal and inferior |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 25 | Indifference curves and rational consumer demand |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 25 | Indifference curves and budget lines; inferior good elasticity |
Chapter 15: Efficiency, Market Failure and Externalities
83 past-paper questions
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Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 65 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q5 | Outcome that is Pareto optimal | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q6 | Production externality diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q11 | Local authority response to overuse of resource | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Definition of moral hazard | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Marginal external cost in free market | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q8 | What helps allocative efficiency | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q1 | Why economies seek economic efficiency | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q3 | Cause of market failure from hidden information | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q4 | Private costs and benefits diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Conditions for allocative efficiency | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q4 | When moral hazard occurs | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Outcomes of private property rights | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q4 | Private costs and benefits diagram | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Example of market failure | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Output change to correct social cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q3 | Benefits of a traffic switch study | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Positive externality of safety rule | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Equilibrium and social cost diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q3 | When output reaches allocative efficiency | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q3 | Why vaccination is an external benefit | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q6 | Condition for net social benefit | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Changes raising net social costs | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Deadweight loss area in free market | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q3 | Why vaccination is an external benefit | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q6 | Condition for net social benefit | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Willingness to pay and external benefits | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q8 | Diagram representation of dynamic efficiency | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Response to negative externality damage | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Identifying what is not moral hazard | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Cost and noise changes and externalities | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q8 | Benefits of switching vehicle type | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q10 | Movement towards efficient allocation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q2 | Improvement in allocation without harm | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q4 | Type of efficiency from cost curve shift | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q9 | Example of an external cost | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q10 | Output and social cost diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Explaining excessive service provision | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Relationship of social, private and external benefit | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Overcoming moral hazard | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Example of positive production externality | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q2 | Improvement in allocation without harm | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q4 | Type of efficiency from cost curve shift | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q9 | Example of an external cost | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q10 | Output and social cost diagram | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Conditions for dynamic efficiency | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Externalities and goods linked to a vaccine | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Responsibilities and externalities in a rental arrangement | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Remedy when price exceeds marginal cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q1 | Deduction from efficient allocation condition | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q2 | Externalities in production and consumption diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Improving allocative efficiency | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Market with positive and negative externalities | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q1 | Condition for efficient allocation of resources | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q3 | Production externalities diagram | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q1 | Condition for efficient allocation of resources | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q3 | Private and social benefit and cost comparison | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q13 | Not a source of market failure | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Who bears external costs | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Condition for allocative efficiency | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q3 | What may reduce dynamic efficiency | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q1 | Condition for efficient allocation of resources | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q3 | Private and social benefit and cost comparison | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q13 | Not a source of market failure | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Condition when no one can gain without loss | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q2 | Meaning of social benefits |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 18 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 41 | Q2 | 20 | Market failure, climate change and intervention |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Policies against congestion |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 42 | Q1 (d) | 10 | Coal use and allocative efficiency |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Meaning of market failure and corrective policies |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a) | 5 | Price rise cause and market failure |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Price mechanism intervention and climate change |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (b) | 6 | Negative externality diagram and examples |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (d) | 5 | Transport as a public good |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 43 | Q2 | 20 | Pollution and market failure |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 41 | Q1 (b) | 4 | Who pays for negative externalities |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 43 | Q1 (b) | 4 | Who pays for negative externalities |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Externalities and government correction with diagram |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 25 | Externalities and market failure |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q2 (b) | 13 | Pareto optimality and equity |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q2 (a) | 12 | Public goods and market failure |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q4 (a) | 12 | Climate change as resource misallocation |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q2 (a) | 12 | Public goods and market failure |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q2 (b) | 13 | Congestion, allocative inefficiency, policy options |
Chapter 16: Costs, Revenue, Profit and Production
46 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 3 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Short run and long run time periods | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 11 | Q2 | Short-run versus long-run change for firm | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 12 | Q2 | Definition of long run |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 36 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q2 | Moving along a long-run cost curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Fixed costs and minimum efficient scale | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q4 | Output where marginal cost exceeds average | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q6 | Average variable cost from revenue data | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q7 | Minimum average cost from total cost curve | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q5 | Definition of internal economy of scale | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Diagram showing diseconomies of scale | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q5 | Definition of internal economy of scale | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q1 | Short-run cost that always falls | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q4 | Explaining shape of long-run cost curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q7 | Short-run and long-run cost for a producer | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q14 | Output per worker from schedule | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Situations shown by long-run cost curves | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q4 | Marginal and average figures from table | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q8 | Meaning of external economy of scale | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Short-run cost curves as output rises | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Profit-maximising output from cost and revenue table | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Production function interpretation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q4 | Long-run and short-run average cost curves | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q4 | Cost data from fixed and variable cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q5 | Cost and PPC diagrams for an industry | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q7 | Conclusion from marginal and variable cost | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Long-run shutdown output level | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Marginal cost of an extra worker | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Marginal and average product from schedule | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q7 | Conclusion from marginal and variable cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q11 | Strategy cutting average cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Short-run and long-run cost curves | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Costs of operating a new factory | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Productivity from changed labour input | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q9 | Marginal cost passing through average cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q11 | Long-run average cost movements | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q22 | Cause of higher labour productivity | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q11 | Output range from cost table and price | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q11 | Output range from cost table and price | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Average and marginal product relationship diagram |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 7 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 6 | Internal economies of scale and minimum efficient scale |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q3 (a) | 12 | Diminishing returns and cost curve shapes |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q1 | 20 | Productivity meaning, drivers and prospects |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (c) | 7 | Fixed and variable cost effects of price fall |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q3 (b) | 13 | Economies of scale and firm survival |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q1 | 20 | Productivity meaning, drivers and prospects |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a) | 3 | Fixed versus variable costs |
Chapter 17: Market Structures
96 past-paper questions
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Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 64 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q3 | Profit and revenue effect of output increase | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q2 | Pricing strategy that deters entry | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q5 | Effect of demand shift on profit-maximising firm | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q2 | Natural monopoly cost and revenue diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q6 | Monopoly output with normal profit | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Increasing market share in monopolistic competition | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q2 | Natural monopoly cost and revenue diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q6 | Monopoly output with normal profit | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Obstacles to effective cartel | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Monopoly reinvestment and efficiency | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q6 | Small firm with unique product in oligopoly | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q8 | Characteristic of monopolistic competition | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Market shares and market structure | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Profit-maximising firm after a change | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Monopoly pricing over time | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Cooperation versus competition payoffs | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q5 | Long-run equilibrium diagram of monopolistic competition | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q6 | Why contestability is imperfect | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q9 | Agreement to restrict supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q10 | Meaning of concentration ratio | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q5 | Pricing in non-collusive oligopoly | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q7 | Assumption of a contestable market | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q10 | Features of a natural monopoly | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Industry where firm cannot alter price | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Describing a contestable market | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q5 | Pricing in non-collusive oligopoly | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q7 | Assumption of a contestable market | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q10 | Features of a natural monopoly | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Output decision for firm in imperfect market | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Market structure least likely to be dynamically efficient | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Choice between cooperation and independence | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q3 | Contestable market structures | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q5 | Reactions causing kinked demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q6 | Condition for effective price discrimination | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q7 | Cost conditions acting as entry barrier | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Merger creating dominant firm | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Long-run equilibrium of monopolistic competition | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Condition for third-degree price discrimination | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q7 | Necessity for third-degree price discrimination | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q6 | Monopolistic competition firms from cost data | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Requirement for price discrimination | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Efficiency outcomes for unregulated monopoly | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Patents and barriers to entry | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q6 | Monopolistic competition firms from cost data | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Long-run outcome of monopolistic competition | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q7 | Market structure from listed features | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q8 | Why normal profit in long-run monopolistic competition | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q10 | Conditions enabling price discrimination | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q12 | Making a cartel easier to run | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Monopolist demand fall diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Market structure from cost diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q7 | Market structure of the banking sector | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q10 | What counts as abnormal profit | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q12 | Monopoly output and price change | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q7 | Feature not found where firms collude | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q9 | Long-run equilibrium of monopolistic competition | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Market structure from concentration data | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Condition for a successful cartel | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Collusive agreement diagram effects | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q7 | Feature not found where firms collude | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q9 | Long-run equilibrium of monopolistic competition | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Monopoly diagram allocative efficiency point | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Single buyer market structure | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Monopolistic competition diagram analysis |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 32 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 41 | Q3 | 20 | Competition and barriers to entry |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 42 | Q1 (c) | 6 | Market structure of farmers versus traders |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 43 | Q2 | 20 | Market contestability effects on consumers and producers |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Oligopoly price competition and long-run profit |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 43 | Q1 (a) | 6 | Limit pricing versus predatory pricing |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 43 | Q1 (c) | 8 | Large firms, consumers and competition |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 41 | Q2 | 20 | Perfect competition and efficient resource allocation |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Supernormal profit and survival in competition |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 43 | Q2 | 20 | Perfect competition and efficient resource allocation |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 41 | Q3 | 20 | Merger approval and market power |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Perfect competition as ideal structure |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 43 | Q1 (c) | 5 | State-owned monopoly performance |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 43 | Q3 | 20 | Monopolistic competition versus monopoly |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 41 | Q1 (a) | 4 | Concentration ratio meaning and calculation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 41 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 12 | Concentration, consumer welfare, monopoly efficiency |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 41 | Q3 | 20 | Price discrimination effects on producer and consumer |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Market demand, minimum efficient scale, market structure |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 43 | Q1 (a) | 4 | Concentration ratio meaning and calculation |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 43 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 12 | Concentration, consumer welfare, monopoly efficiency |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 43 | Q3 | 20 | Price discrimination effects on producer and consumer |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Oligopoly collusion and efficiency |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q3 | 25 | Limit pricing and collusion |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q3 (b) | 13 | Price discrimination and market structure |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q3 | 25 | Concentration ratios and limit pricing |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q2 (b) | 13 | Monopoly barriers to entry |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q3 | 25 | Long-run normal profit; oligopoly interdependence |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 5 | Cartel and collusion in oligopoly |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q3 (a) | 12 | Revenue curves and perfectly competitive firm |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q2 (b) | 13 | Monopoly barriers to entry |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q3 | 25 | Long-run normal profit; oligopoly interdependence |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (b)–(c) | 10 | Cross-subsidisation; testing for monopoly |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q2 (a) | 12 | Dynamic efficiency and market structure |
Chapter 18: Growth, Survival and Objectives of Firms
52 past-paper questions
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Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 48 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q1 | Cause of principal agent problem | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q7 | Output change from revenue to profit objective | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Output for sales maximisation | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q7 | Comparing small and large firms | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Least convincing reason to merge | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q7 | Comparing small and large firms | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Revenue maximisation versus profit | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q5 | Takeover effects on revenue and cost | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q9 | Consequence of separating ownership and control | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q10 | Horizontal integration of two firms | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Type of growth by takeover | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q7 | Output points for different objectives | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q4 | Output maximising revenue | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q8 | Manager and shareholder aims | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q9 | What occurs in a takeover | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Factor making small firm survival harder | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Example of backward integration | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q4 | Output maximising revenue | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q8 | Manager and shareholder aims | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q9 | What occurs in a takeover | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Merger effects on costs and demand | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Contract design to solve principal agent problem | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Types of integration between firms | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Aim of producing where marginal revenue is zero | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q3 | Factor increasing principal agent problem | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q6 | Firm buying its supplier | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q5 | Condition for revenue maximisation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q8 | Takeover effects on elasticity and cost | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q11 | Result of separating ownership and control | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Takeover effects on revenue and cost | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q5 | Condition for revenue maximisation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q8 | Takeover effects on elasticity and cost | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q11 | Result of separating ownership and control | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q5 | Sales maximisation output with normal profit | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q9 | Revenue maximisation with unit elasticity | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q7 | Output maximising total revenue | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Mergers with substitute and supplier firms | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q8 | How small firms exist alongside large | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q8 | Why firms stay small | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q12 | Encouraging more small firms | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Pricing to fill venue | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Factors helping survival of small firms | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Reason for splitting a business | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q8 | Why firms stay small | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q12 | Encouraging more small firms | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Sales volume maximisation as objective | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Survival of small firms | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Principal agent problem |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 4 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 42 | Q1 (b) | 4 | Benefits of horizontal and vertical integration |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 41 | Q3 | 20 | Growth by takeover and its benefits |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 43 | Q3 | 20 | Growth by takeover and its benefits |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 41 | Q3 | 20 | Switching objective from profit to sales |
Chapter 19: Government Policies for Efficiency, Equity and Redistribution
139 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 1 question
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2025 · Paper 12 | Q20 | Cost and benefit estimates for an event |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 116 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q8 | Tax incidence diagram under sales tax | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q9 | Policy correcting negative externality | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q10 | Policy contributing to poverty trap | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q13 | Advantage of pollution permits over taxes | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q6 | Guidance from a cost-benefit study | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Essential feature of nudge theory | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Making a tax threshold policy more equal | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Effect of a maximum price on staple | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Lorenz curve showing most equality | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q8 | Output setting for state-owned firm | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q10 | Intervention for under-consumed merit good | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q11 | Purpose and effect of rent controls | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q12 | Combined effects of tax and ban | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q30 | Explaining a falling inequality coefficient | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q8 | Policy to cut consumption with externality | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q9 | Advantage of tradeable permits | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q10 | Citizens' response to new road | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q11 | Cause of poverty trap | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q13 | Nudge applied to tax evasion | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Policy when social benefit is below private | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Government failure from smoking ban | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Incentive problem from taxes and benefits | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Policy to reduce income inequality | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q8 | Policy to cut consumption with externality | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q9 | Advantage of tradeable permits | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q10 | Citizens' response to new road | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q11 | Cause of poverty trap | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q13 | Nudge applied to tax evasion | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q8 | Not an example of government failure | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Condition for more equal income | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Reason against pollution tax | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Why tax revenue fell short | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q11 | Policy not classed as regulation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q12 | Effect of removing a service subsidy | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Validity of arguments for green subsidy | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Policy to reduce income inequality | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Indicator of more equal distribution | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Effect of Lorenz curve shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q11 | Price control for allocative efficiency in monopoly | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q15 | Policies raising the poverty trap risk | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q29 | Gini coefficient from Lorenz areas | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q11 | Policy to reduce waste | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q12 | Expected effects of privatisation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q13 | Cause of the poverty trap | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q24 | Policy to relieve congestion | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q30 | Comparing inequality coefficients | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Pollution policy not using market forces | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Productivity after privatisation data | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q11 | Policy to reduce waste | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q12 | Expected effects of privatisation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q13 | Cause of the poverty trap | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q24 | Policy to relieve congestion | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q30 | Comparing inequality coefficients | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Market-based policy for negative externality | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Rationale for state provision | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Example of government intervention failure | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Lorenz curves for income and wealth | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q9 | Project appraisal for a port facility | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q10 | Making polluters repair damage | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q11 | Statement not showing government failure | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q14 | Effect of a new regressive tax | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q15 | Inequality policy advantage and disadvantage | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q16 | Subsidy when externalities exist | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q19 | Regulatory versus market-based climate policy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q25 | Means-tested benefits and incentives | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q29 | Lorenz curve and inequality | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Effects of a universal basic income | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Fiscal measures reducing inequality | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Congestion charge and journeys | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Interpreting change in inequality coefficient | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q9 | Conditions reducing cost-benefit accuracy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q13 | Cause of rising relative poverty | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q14 | Policy not correcting market failure | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q12 | Policy for public goods problem | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q13 | Type of policy in a vehicle ban | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q16 | Comparing inequality using Lorenz curves | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q17 | Government failure possibilities | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q30 | Areas on a Lorenz diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Why a project may be rejected despite benefits | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Cause of more equal income distribution | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Valid economic case for a maximum price | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q12 | Policy for public goods problem | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q13 | Type of policy in a vehicle ban | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q16 | Comparing inequality using Lorenz curves | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q17 | Government failure possibilities | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q30 | Areas on a Lorenz diagram | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q9 | Cost-benefit analysis decision | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Tax changes and income inequality | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Policy to reduce urban car use | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Disposable income after taxes and benefits | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q3 | Social costs and benefits of a decision | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q13 | Benefit loss from working longer hours | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q14 | Indicator of nationalisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q15 | Measure for socially optimal flights | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q3 | Items in cost-benefit analysis of project | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Regulating a demerit good for welfare | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Taxes and benefits narrowing inequality | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Least effective policy for equality | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q2 | Project appraisal for an urban railway | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q13 | Government failure from a subsidy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q14 | Production methods with pollution costs | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q15 | Taxes and benefits on household incomes | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q10 | Unlikely case for direct state provision | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q14 | Tradable pollution permits | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q15 | Example of nudge for healthy eating | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q4 | Tax and campaigns against harmful consumption | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Tradable permits to reduce congestion | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Not an example of nudge theory | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Policy least likely to redistribute income | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q10 | Unlikely case for direct state provision | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q14 | Tradable pollution permits | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q15 | Example of nudge for healthy eating | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Subsidy to a monopoly firm | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Policy to cut negative externality | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Behavioural nudge example | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q15 | When redistribution is most appropriate |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 22 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 41 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Meaning of absolute poverty |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 43 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 12 | Gini and Lorenz; equity versus equality |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 41 | Q1 (c) | 3 | Change in green energy policies |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Government intervention in monopoly markets |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 43 | Q1 (c) | 3 | Change in green energy policies |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 41 | Q2 | 20 | Policies reducing negative externalities |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Privatisation and international lending conditions |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 43 | Q2 | 20 | Indirect tax for negative production externality |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 41 | Q1 | 20 | Inequality measures, poverty, and redistribution policies |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 43 | Q1 | 20 | Inequality measures, poverty, and redistribution policies |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (b)–(c) | 15 | Competition and efficiency; equality versus equity |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 41 | Q2 | 20 | Public versus private provision of healthcare |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a) | 3 | Equity effects of a transport ban |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (c) | 6 | Comparing congestion policies |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 43 | Q1 (a) | 3 | Economic equality versus equity |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 41 | Q2 | 20 | Removing subsidies and allocative efficiency |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 42 | Q2 | 20 | Policies promoting low-externality vehicles |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 43 | Q2 | 20 | Removing subsidies and allocative efficiency |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q2 | 25 | Cost-benefit analysis for a public project |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q2 (a) | 12 | Cost-benefit analysis for public goods |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q4 (b) | 13 | Evaluating government climate policies |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (d) | 7 | Local intervention effects on profits |
Chapter 20: Labour Markets and Government Intervention
81 past-paper questions
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Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 63 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q12 | National minimum wage with single employer | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q18 | Effect of education spending on labour | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Justifying intervention to raise wages | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q9 | Productivity rise and labour market effects | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q12 | Minimum wage diagram distances | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q14 | Demand and supply of labour diagrams | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q18 | Factor affecting occupational mobility | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Monopsony labour market diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Factor not affecting labour supply | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Labour demand and supply diagrams | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q12 | Minimum wage diagram distances | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q14 | Demand and supply of labour diagrams | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q18 | Factor affecting occupational mobility | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Policy to lower real wages | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Calculating marginal revenue product | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Economic rent for a worker | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Improving occupational mobility | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q13 | Cause of wage growth change | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q15 | Long-run labour demand with less capital | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Minimum wage raising employment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Cause of marginal revenue product shift | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Hiring decision in competitive labour market | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q12 | Union wage rise on labour diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q13 | Machinery effect on labour market | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q14 | Transfer earnings and rent after shift | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q14 | Cause of labour demand shifting out | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q15 | Union and single employer diagram | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Net advantage of an occupation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Optimum number of workers for a firm | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Economic rent areas on labour diagram | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q14 | Cause of labour demand shifting out | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q15 | Union and single employer diagram | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Shift in marginal revenue product | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Perfectly competitive firm hiring diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q12 | Minimum wage areas on labour diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q13 | Firm training scheme effect | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q10 | Union effects in competitive versus single-buyer firms | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Meaning of backward-bending labour supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Policy improving occupational mobility | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q11 | Labour supply and economic rent area | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q12 | Policies raising labour productivity | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q14 | Minimum wage in single-buyer labour market | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q15 | Deriving demand for labour | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Cause of labour demand shifting right | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Skill-based immigration and labour market | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q14 | Minimum wage in single-buyer labour market | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q15 | Deriving demand for labour | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q11 | Minimum wage effects on labour market | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q12 | Slope of labour supply curves | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q13 | Occupational pay differences | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q16 | Policy countering employer buying power | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q17 | Fruit picker labour market diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Backward-bending labour supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Limits on union pay rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q16 | Transfer earnings and economic rent | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q17 | Maximum wage in a labour market | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q16 | Definition of transfer earnings | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q17 | Explaining a wage rate trend | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Transfer earnings of enterprise | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Trade union wage aim with employment limit | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q16 | Definition of transfer earnings | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q17 | Explaining a wage rate trend | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Causes of wage differences between industries |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 18 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 41 | Q1 (b) | 5 | Migration and wages with diagram |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Pay differences and economic theory |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 43 | Q3 | 20 | Labour supply, wages and employment in competition |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Productivity effects on wages and employment |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Minimum wage in a single-buyer labour market |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Relationship between labour variables |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (c) | 6 | Wage determination for skilled migrant workers |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 43 | Q3 | 20 | Wages in competitive versus single-buyer labour markets |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (c) | 6 | Labour market effect of industry change |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 42 | Q3 | 20 | Trade union in competitive labour market |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q1 (c) | 6 | Workforce changes and their benefit |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q4 | 25 | Marginal revenue product, unions, economic rent |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 25 | Marginal revenue product and wages |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q4 | 25 | Net advantage of labour; productivity under monopsony |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q4 | 25 | Trade union and national minimum wage |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 25 | Market forces versus intervention in labour markets |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q4 | 25 | Trade union and national minimum wage |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 25 | Wage determination and national minimum wage |
Chapter 21: The Circular Flow, the Multiplier and Economic Growth and Sustainability
80 past-paper questions
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Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 2 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 21 | Q1 (e) | 6 | Benefits and limits of using domestic resource |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 23 | Q4 (b) | 12 | Infrastructure investment and circular flow |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 62 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q20 | What limits faster growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q21 | Fall in investment and its effects | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q15 | Multiplier and change in income | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Defining the multiplier effect | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Rise in inflation and consumer behaviour | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Actual and forecast GDP diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q15 | Multiplier and change in income | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Accelerator principle | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Equilibrium income in closed economy | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Multiplier from bond-financed deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q19 | Marginal propensity from income change | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q24 | Factor shaping income rise after rate cut | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Equilibrium and full employment on expenditure diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q19 | Shift in consumption curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q22 | Result of negative actual growth | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q19 | Assumption of multiplier model | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Multiplier from propensities | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Output growth with rising pollution | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q19 | Assumption of multiplier model | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q17 | Effect of opening a closed economy to trade | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q18 | Distances on consumption and AD diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q20 | Cause of sustainable growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q22 | Assumption of accelerator theory | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q27 | Adjustment from GDP to welfare measure | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q15 | Cause of rising national income | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Multiplier from marginal propensities table | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Long-run rise in productive capacity | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Accelerator principle | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q26 | What did not accompany global growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q16 | When national income induces investment | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q20 | Factor reducing national income | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q21 | Accelerator and investment fall | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q18 | Policy for sustainable growth of an industry | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q20 | Gap between equilibrium and full employment income | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q22 | Conditions for large multiplier effect | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Meaning of demand-induced investment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Injections and withdrawals diagram | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Condition for highest multiplier value | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q18 | Policy for sustainable growth of an industry | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q20 | Gap between equilibrium and full employment income | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q22 | Conditions for large multiplier effect | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Sustainable growth contribution | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Accelerator principle | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Lowest cost source of growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q18 | Not a negative impact of rapid growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q26 | Multiplier from marginal propensities | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Combination showing increased growth per head | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q18 | Measure encouraging sustainable growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q24 | Aggregate demand equation and multiplier formula | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q23 | Feature absent in free open economy | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q26 | Marginal propensity to consume from table | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q28 | Factor that reduces investment spending | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Meaning of sustainable growth | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Welfare measure versus national product | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Factor not changing withdrawals | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Offsetting a leakage from circular flow | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q23 | Feature absent in free open economy | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q26 | Marginal propensity to consume from table | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q28 | Factor that reduces investment spending | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Judging living standards under growth | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Growth outcomes that do not harm environment | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Multiplier in closed economy |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 16 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 41 | Q5 | 20 | Growth and full employment |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a)–(c) | 10 | Sustainability and effects of climate agreements |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Interest rate fall and employment via injections |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 41 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 8 | Resource development, growth and multiplier |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (b) | 4 | PPC effect of migration restriction |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (d) | 8 | Macroeconomic effects of migration changes |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 41 | Q4 | 20 | Government spending and economic growth |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 43 | Q4 | 20 | Government spending and economic growth |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 43 | Q1 (b) | 5 | Growth definition; growth and unemployment link |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 43 | Q1 (d) | 7 | Investment and prospects for the economy |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (b) | 4 | Potential versus actual growth with diagram |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 7 | Economic performance and reasons for rapid growth |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q6 | 25 | Real GDP per head and its effects |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Resource discovery and productive capacity |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q5 (a) | 12 | Export-led growth via circular flow |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q7 (a) | 12 | Interest fall in circular flow diagram |
Chapter 22: Employment, Unemployment, Money and Banking
91 past-paper questions
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Paper 1 (AS Level Multiple Choice): 6 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 12 | Q1 | Function of money | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 13 | Q2 | Function of money in deflation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 11 | Q4 | Item that is not a function of money | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 12 | Q4 | Functions of money table | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 13 | Q1 | Statement about money | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 12 | Q3 | Money function solving barter problem |
Paper 2 (AS Level Data Response and Essay): 2 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 22 | Q2 (a) | 8 | Money in modern economy and contactless payments |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 22 | Q1 (d) | 6 | Negative real interest and functions of money |
Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 70 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q14 | Statement on quantity theory of money | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q15 | Part of Keynesian analysis | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q16 | Keynesian measure for cyclical unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q17 | Interest rate at the liquidity trap | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q13 | What reduces the money supply | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q14 | Explaining unemployment rising after recovery | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Money market diagrams and shifts | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Shift in demand for active balances | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q14 | Ineffective monetary policy in money market | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q15 | Policy reducing natural unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q17 | Money market equilibrium after income rise | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q18 | Policy mix affecting cyclical and frictional unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q16 | Definition of hysteresis unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q20 | Quantity theory of money and stable prices | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Monetary transmission after quantitative easing | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Cause of hysteresis in unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q16 | Definition of hysteresis unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q20 | Quantity theory of money and stable prices | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Velocity of circulation of money | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q16 | Correct statement about money | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q17 | Unemployment and vacancies rising together | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q18 | Variable reducing natural unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q20 | Unemployment rate from population data | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Function of money in a deferred payment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q17 | When natural unemployment falls | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Productivity and unemployment conclusions | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q16 | Function of money in comparing prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q17 | Statements on types of unemployment | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q16 | Bank actions linked to financial crisis | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q17 | Effect of lower natural unemployment | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q18 | Youth and total unemployment table | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Function not performed by a commercial bank | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Unemployment rate from labour statistics | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Validity of unemployment benefit statements | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Characteristics of a liquidity trap | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q16 | Bank actions linked to financial crisis | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q17 | Effect of lower natural unemployment | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q18 | Youth and total unemployment table | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q16 | Change that reduces demand for money | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Reducing structural unemployment | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Reasons for different natural unemployment rates | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q21 | Type of unemployment targeted by job centres | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q17 | Function of money | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q18 | Unemployment from change in working patterns | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q19 | Citizen not structurally unemployed | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q21 | Policy against frictional unemployment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q28 | Labour force groups and unemployment definition | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Voluntary type of unemployment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q19 | Citizen not structurally unemployed | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q21 | Policy against frictional unemployment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q28 | Labour force groups and unemployment definition | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Central bank versus commercial bank roles | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Policy raising unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q21 | Correct statement on unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q22 | Likely cause of unemployment trend | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q23 | Definition of liquidity | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Cause of seasonal unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Keynesian theory of money supply and output | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q21 | Who counts as unemployed | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q23 | Quantity theory components | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q26 | Output and unemployment data inference | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q21 | Unemployment type from weak demand | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q22 | Technology switch and unemployment | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q25 | Liquidity preference model statement | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Benefits and taxes affecting work incentives | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Consequence of rising unemployment in recession | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Meaning of total currency flow | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q21 | Unemployment type from weak demand | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q22 | Technology switch and unemployment | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q25 | Liquidity preference model statement |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 13 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| May/June 2025 · Paper 41 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 9 | Structural unemployment and fiscal policy effects |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 43 | Q1 (a)–(b) | 9 | Structural unemployment and fiscal policy effects |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 43 | Q4 | 20 | Money supply control and inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q5 | 25 | Liquidity trap; central and commercial banks |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (b) | 6 | Type of unemployment from industry closure |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q5 (a) | 12 | Keynesian interest rate determination |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q5 (b) | 13 | Technology, efficiency and unemployment |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q6 (b) | 13 | Role of commercial banks |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q7 | 25 | Budget deficits versus supply-side for unemployment |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q7 (a) | 12 | Keynesian demand for money and interest |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q6 (b) | 13 | Role of commercial banks |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q7 | 25 | Budget deficits versus supply-side for unemployment |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q6 | 25 | Budget deficits, unemployment and natural rate |
Chapter 23: Macroeconomic Policy: Objectives, Links and Effectiveness
118 past-paper questions
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Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 96 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q22 | Funding deficit with money supply in deflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q15 | When expansionary fiscal policy is least effective | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Tax-funded transfers and macro effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Outcome of higher direct taxation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Effect of reaching unemployment target | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q19 | Cause of short-run trade-off curve shifting right | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q20 | Long-run policy against inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q21 | Consistency between pairs of policy aims | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q22 | Conditions for effective money supply cut | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q23 | Tax cut and benefit cut effects | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q19 | Consequence of artificially low interest rates | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q21 | Reason for higher inflation target | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q22 | Macro objective for developed economy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q23 | Spending rise at natural rate of unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q24 | Depreciation and value of money | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q17 | Automatic stabilisers combination | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Objective targeted by raising interest rates | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Obstacle to meeting an inflation target | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Consequences of interest rate cut | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Consequence of rising national debt | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q19 | Consequence of artificially low interest rates | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q21 | Reason for higher inflation target | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q22 | Macro objective for developed economy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q23 | Spending rise at natural rate of unemployment | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q24 | Depreciation and value of money | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Internal and external value of money | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Growth without inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q21 | Item not a macroeconomic policy aim | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q23 | How high interest rates may raise inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Tax revenue and spending in unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Aim achieved alongside faster growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Valid argument for lower income tax | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Unemployment and inflation over years | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q18 | Why interest cut may fail in recession | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q20 | Interest cut and unemployment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q21 | Relationship between unemployment and inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q23 | Interest cut effects in downturn | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q24 | Time lag least concerning for policy makers | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q20 | Inflation and unemployment data table | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q21 | Short and long-run Phillips curves | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q22 | Policy response to stagflation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Policy mix to escape recession | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Inflation effect on balance of payments | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Policy mix to solve deflation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Comparing macro indicators after expansion | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q20 | Inflation and unemployment data table | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q21 | Short and long-run Phillips curves | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q22 | Policy response to stagflation | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Policy against imported inflation | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Objective not applying in a closed economy | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Money-financed deficit and policy objectives | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Side effect of interest rate rise | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Tax rate and revenue curve statement | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Policy for cost-push inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q24 | Tax rate above revenue-maximising level | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q26 | Unemployment and inflation comparison table | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Effect of larger budget deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Inflation and unemployment table | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Policy based on tax revenue curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Supply shock from transport blockage | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q22 | Vertical axis of trade-off curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q25 | Comparing indicators against policy aims | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q26 | Identifying a macroeconomic aim | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q23 | Policy mix to raise output | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q24 | Oil price rise effects on macro variables | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q25 | Reducing effect of supply-side stimulus | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Crowding out of private investment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Outcome if all policy aims achieved | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Main objective behind a sales tax rise | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q23 | Policy mix to raise output | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q24 | Oil price rise effects on macro variables | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q25 | Reducing effect of supply-side stimulus | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Aims least suited to monetary policy | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Expansionary fiscal policy and other aims | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q25 | Statement not characterising Monetarism | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q28 | Expansionary monetary policy and accelerating prices | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q29 | Higher income tax rate and emigration | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q30 | Policy for output without inflation | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Beliefs of Monetarists | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q27 | National debt burden conditions | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Why a higher tax rate cuts revenue | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Axes of trade-off diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q25 | Keynesian versus Monetarist beliefs | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q28 | What the tax revenue curve illustrates | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q29 | Direct tax rise and macro effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q30 | Income tax rise on inflation and unemployment | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q29 | Curve of tax revenue against tax rate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q30 | Inflation and unemployment trade-off table | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Approach consistent with Keynesian thought | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Concept behind tax rise reducing revenue | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Policy mix to reduce inflation | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q29 | Curve of tax revenue against tax rate | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q30 | Inflation and unemployment trade-off table | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Keynesian economic theory statement | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Tax rate and revenue curve | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Comparing macro indicators of countries |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 22 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 43 | Q4 | 20 | Monetary policy for economic growth |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 41 | Q1 (d) | 8 | Evidence on effectiveness of intervention |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 41 | Q4 | 20 | Policies against stagflation |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 43 | Q1 (d) | 8 | Evidence on effectiveness of intervention |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 43 | Q4 | 20 | Policies against stagflation |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Policies against demand-pull inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 41 | Q4 | 20 | Inflation expectations and policy |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 43 | Q1 (b) | 6 | Macroeconomic effects of large firm growth |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 42 | Q1 (d) | 8 | Macroeconomic effects of an industry switch |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Policies against supply-disruption inflation |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Policies against cost-push inflation |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 41 | Q1 (d) | 8 | Low interest rates and stimulus |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 41 | Q4 | 20 | Monetary policy and unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 43 | Q4 | 20 | Fiscal policy to close negative output gap |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 41 | Q4 | 20 | Budget surplus, unemployment and external deficit |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Monetary policy against inflation and other aims |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 43 | Q4 | 20 | Budget surplus, unemployment and external deficit |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 41 | Q7 | 25 | Budget deficit and the output gap |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q5 (b) | 13 | Monetary policy in low-rate recession |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q6 | 25 | Internal and external value; simultaneous macro aims |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (d) | 8 | Policy responses to price shock with AD/AS |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q7 (b) | 13 | Monetary policy alone and macro aims |
Chapter 24: Balance of Payments Policies and Exchange Rates
49 past-paper questions
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Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 39 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q19 | Trade balance worsening under fixed rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q23 | Revaluation effects with AD and AS | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q25 | Statement on balance of payments components | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q29 | Interest rate rise under fixed exchange rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Devaluation with managed rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Depreciation with inelastic trade demand | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Meaning of trade-weighted exchange rate | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Protectionist policy for current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Revaluation and current account | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q25 | Type of central bank currency policy | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q27 | Revaluation and current account diagram | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Moving from fixed to floating rate | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Policy to correct current account deficit | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q27 | Revaluation and current account diagram | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Cause of current account deficit | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q23 | Policy not raising currency value | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Current and financial account components | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q25 | Expenditure-switching policy identification | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q26 | Components of financial account | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Type of policy in tariff increase | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Recording a dividend in balance of payments | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Terminology for exchange rate changes | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q26 | Expenditure-reducing policy example | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q25 | Policy not expenditure-reducing | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q26 | Meaning of the J-curve effect | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Expenditure-switching policy identification | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Devaluation to fix current account | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q25 | Policy not expenditure-reducing | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q26 | Meaning of the J-curve effect | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Devaluation causing inflation | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Income flows in current account | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Type of exchange rate regime | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q23 | Outcome of exchange rate policy option | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Appreciation and imported inflation | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Depreciation with imported inputs | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Meaning of the J curve | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Devaluation to fix external deficit | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Expenditure-switching policy example | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Balance of payments effects of oil price rise |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 10 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 41 | Q4 | 20 | Exchange rate rise and macro aims |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Exchange rate fall and macro aims |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 43 | Q5 | 20 | Tariffs and balance of payments deficit |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Expenditure-switching policies and current account deficit |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 41 | Q1 (b) | 4 | Explaining trade deficits |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Depreciation and growth in poor economy |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Expenditure-reducing policy and unemployment |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (c) | 4 | Overvalued exchange rate effects |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q7 | 25 | Moving from fixed to floating exchange rate |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q7 (b) | 13 | Fixed exchange rate versus inflation policy conflict |
Chapter 25: Economic Development and Globalisation
123 past-paper questions
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Paper 3 (A Level Multiple Choice): 89 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q24 | Inequality and development curve | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q26 | Describing a multinational company | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q27 | What occurs in a monetary union | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q28 | Main role of the World Bank | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 31 | Q30 | Currency union and persistent deficit | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q24 | Difference between growth and development | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Characterising development aid | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Feature not typical of emerging economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q24 | Feature not found in customs union | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q27 | When aid gives greatest long-term benefit | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q28 | Variable in both development and poverty indices | |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 33 | Q29 | Diagram not showing inequality and income curve | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q26 | Measure not in development index | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q28 | Function not performed by the IMF | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q29 | Trade creation after tariff removal | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 31 | Q30 | Obstacle to development | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Conditions raising real GDP per head | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q29 | IMF loan condition conflicting with protection | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Customs union diagram effects | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q26 | Measure not in development index | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q28 | Function not performed by the IMF | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q29 | Trade creation after tariff removal | |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 33 | Q30 | Obstacle to development | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Inequality and income per head graph | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Optimum population changes | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Poverty index indicators | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Role of international institutions | |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Evidence on aid effectiveness | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q27 | Why a development index beats income per head | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q28 | Restrictive kind of foreign aid | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q29 | Cause of rising living standards | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 31 | Q30 | Gains for partners from globalisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Conditions for multinational factory investment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Likely result of globalisation | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q25 | Optimum population diagram | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q28 | Result of foreign direct investment | |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 33 | Q30 | Sector employment shares and development | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q23 | Item not threatening globalisation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q27 | Consequence of more multinationals | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q28 | Standard of living from GDP and population | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 31 | Q29 | Factor raising optimum population | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Multinational investment in developing economy | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Population statistics and development stage | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q23 | Item not threatening globalisation | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q27 | Consequence of more multinationals | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q28 | Standard of living from GDP and population | |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 33 | Q29 | Factor raising optimum population | |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Changes as an economy develops | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q28 | Definition of purchasing power parity | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 31 | Q30 | Kuznets curve turning point | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q22 | Policy raising growth without development | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q25 | Characteristics of low-income economies | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Comparing development data of two economies | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Components of human development index | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q19 | Population trend and economic effects | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q23 | Foreign investment and growth data | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q24 | Indicator of economic development | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q27 | Characteristics of low-income economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q28 | Role of the international monetary body | |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 33 | Q30 | When low costs fail to attract investment | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q26 | Multinational relocation effects on developing country | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q27 | Variable plotted on inequality and income curve | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 31 | Q29 | Interpreting population statistics | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q19 | Aid from resource-rich countries | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Interpreting a development index change | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q29 | Identifying most developed country | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Growth versus development | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q26 | Multinational relocation effects on developing country | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q27 | Variable plotted on inequality and income curve | |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 33 | Q29 | Interpreting population statistics | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q26 | Components of development beyond growth | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q27 | Identifying the inequality and income curve | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Poor indicator of development | |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 32 | Q30 | Labour migration effects on growth and wages | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 31 | Q27 | Multinational investment in primary-product economy | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q18 | Foreign extraction and developing economy growth | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Why relief money is not official aid | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Effect of large foreign direct investment | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q20 | Comparing living standards using per head income | |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 33 | Q27 | Most developed country from data | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q20 | Meaning of inequality and growth curve | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 31 | Q27 | Classifying forms of foreign aid | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Comparing indicators of living standards | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Helping growth in developing countries | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 32 | Q28 | Demographic change effects in developing economy | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q20 | Meaning of inequality and growth curve | |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 33 | Q27 | Classifying forms of foreign aid | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q20 | Encouraging foreign direct investment | |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 32 | Q21 | Poor indicator of development |
Paper 4 (A Level Data Response and Essay): 34 questions
| Paper | Question | Marks | Topic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 41 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 13 | Remittances and impact of migration |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 42 | Q1 (d) | 7 | Industry development and living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Multinationals in low-income countries |
| Oct/Nov 2025 · Paper 43 | Q1 (c) | 8 | Globalisation and net benefit |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 41 | Q5 | 20 | Free trade area versus customs union |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Globalisation and living standards |
| May/June 2025 · Paper 43 | Q5 | 20 | Free trade area versus customs union |
| Feb/March 2025 · Paper 42 | Q1 | 20 | Optimum population and population change effects |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 41 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 12 | Resource curse problem; standard of living |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 41 | Q5 | 20 | Free trade area membership |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Statistics for judging living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Low-rate borrowing and long-term growth |
| Oct/Nov 2024 · Paper 43 | Q5 | 20 | High tariffs and globalisation |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 41 | Q5 | 20 | National income data and comparing living standards |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Globalisation and living standards in poor economy |
| May/June 2024 · Paper 43 | Q5 | 20 | National income data and comparing living standards |
| Feb/March 2024 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Globalisation, growth and living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 41 | Q5 | 20 | Globalisation, high-income and low-income countries |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 42 | Q4 | 20 | Multinationals and growth in poor economy |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Income measure versus poverty index |
| Oct/Nov 2023 · Paper 43 | Q5 | 20 | International aid and living standards |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 41 | Q5 | 20 | Productivity and living standards in poor economies |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (a) | 2 | Meaning of purchasing power parity |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 42 | Q1 (c)–(d) | 14 | Living standards comparison; long-run economic impact |
| May/June 2023 · Paper 43 | Q5 | 20 | Productivity and living standards in poor economies |
| Feb/March 2023 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 20 | Globalisation and living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q1 (d) | 8 | Resource fund and population benefit |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 42 | Q7 | 25 | Multinationals and living standards |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q1 (b)–(d) | 17 | Poverty reduction and export dependence |
| Oct/Nov 2022 · Paper 43 | Q6 | 25 | Dependency ratio and development |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 41 | Q5 | 25 | Export-led growth in developing economy |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 42 | Q6 | 25 | Developed versus developing; GDP as welfare measure |
| May/June 2022 · Paper 43 | Q5 | 25 | Export-led growth in developing economy |
| Feb/March 2022 · Paper 42 | Q5 | 25 | Primary product dependence in developing economies |
Revise the chapter before you practise. Our AS & A Level Economics 9708 notes cover every syllabus statement with worked examples, common mistakes from examiner reports, 20 MCQs per chapter and original exam-style questions with full mark schemes.
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